综合英语2-Unit-4-water-cycle

Unit4WatercyclePartIBook2-Unit4CommunicativeActivitiesYoumayexpressuncertaintylikethis:Youmayexpresscertaintylikethis:I’mnotquitesure...I’msureI’llbeverymuchinterestedinreadingyourarticle.MoreExpressionsforCertainty&UncertaintyBook2-Unit12•I’mquitesure/certain(that)…•I’mabsolutelysure/certain(that)…•I’mfairlysure/certain(that)…•I’msure/certainabout…•I’venodoubtabout…•Yes,I’monehundredpercentsure.•Yes,certainly/definitely/ofcourse.•Yes,withoutdoubt.•Yes,really!•Yes,that’sobvious.Book2-Unit12Howtoexpresscertainty:Howtoexpressuncertainty:•Well,it’spossibleIsuppose,butI’mnotreallysure.•Well,itmightbe,butIdoubtit.•Well,there’salwaysachance,butIhavemydoubts.•Sorry,I’mnotsure.•Ican’tmakeupmymindwhethertodo…•Ican’tdecide…•I’mnotreally/toosureabout…•I’moftwomindsabout…•Ican’tsayforcertain.•Iwouldn’tbetoosureabout…Book2-Unit12Extraexpressionsofthesamefunctions:-Idon’tthinktherecanbeanydoubtabout/asto…-Thereisno/verylittledoubtinmymindabout/asto…-It’s/That’smyconviction…-I’m(quite)convinced…-It’squitecertainthat…-I’mafraidIcan’tbecertainabout…-There’ssomedoubtinmymindabout…-I’mnotatallconvinced/certain…-Onecan’tsaywithanycertaintythat…-There’sstillanelementofdoubtabout…Book2-Unit12DiscussionTheunexpectedalwayshappens.ThemostunexpectedmomentinmylifeLearntounderstandtheculturalimplicationsofthisproverbandtryingtofindexamplesinreallifeinitssupport.Book2-Unit12ThemostunexpectedmomentinmylifeStoryTellingWhenWhereWhoWhatWhyHowResultBook2-Unit4Book2-Unit4WastewatertreatmentPhysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocessesformakingwastewatersuitableforhumanconsumptionandotherpurposes.wastewater99.9%water0.1%wasteWhywastewatertreatment?Listentoalecturegivenbyanexpertaboutwastewatertreatmenttechnologies.Whileyoulisten,takenotesandcompletethetasksonpage51.WastewatertreatmentwatermoleculesWastewatertreatmentplantAnengineeringmarvelSewersystemItconnectsmillionsofhomes,businesses,industries,andinstitutionstoanetworkofundergroundpipeswhichtransportswastewatertothewastewatertreatmentplantbeforeitisreleasedtoariverorlake.ThreemajorstepsWastewatertreatmentplant•Preliminarystep:mechanicalprocessesseparatelargesolids(sand,grit沙砾)anddebris(残渣，废物)fromtheliquid•Primarystep:mechanicalandbiologicalprocessesfurtherseparatewaterfromwastematerials•Secondarystep:chemicalprocesseskillremainingharmfulbacteriaNature’sprocessesofwastewatertreatmentandhowitisdifferentfromtheengineeringprocessesinthewastewatertreatmentNatureusestwostepsonly:1.mechanicalprocess:largesolidsanddebrisareseparatedfromwastewater2.biologicalprocess:bacteria,fungiandalgaewilleatawaytheremainingpollutantsinthewastewaterNotes:fungiisthepluralformoffungus真菌algae海藻Naturedoesnotusechemicalprocesstokillharmfulbacteria,fungioralgae,whichconsumepollutantsinwastewater.Book2-Unit4ByproductsofwastewatertreatmentandtheirusesSludge:akindofmudwhichcanbeappliedtothefarmlandasfertilizerwhenitisdried.Theexpertcallsitsoilconditioner.下水道的污泥Featureoflanguagefordescribingscientificandtechnologicalknowledge•Simplepresenttense•HighdegreeofcertaintyPartIIReadingandLanguageActivitiesBook2-Unit4Pre-readingTaskComprehensionWorkLanguageWorkOutlineBook2-Unit4ReturntoMenu1.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutSingapore?(history,officiallanguages,population,economy,etc.)2.Whatelseareyouinterestedtoknowaboutthislittlecity-state?Sewagetreatment,ordomesticwastewatertreatment,istheprocessofremoving____________fromwastewaterandhousehold_________.Itincludesphysical,chemical,andbiologicalprocessestoremovephysical,chemicalandbiologicalpollutants.Itsobjectiveistoproducean_______________fluidwastestream(ortreatedeffluent废水)andasolidwaste(ortreated_______)suitablefordisposalor_______(usuallyasfarmfertilizer).Using_________technologyitisnowpossibletore-usesewageeffluentfordrinkingwater,althoughSingaporeistheonlycountryto____________suchtechnologyonaproductionscaleinitsproductionofNEWater.Clozeadvancedsewagereuseimplementcontaminantsenvironmentally-safesludgecontaminantssewageenvironmentally-safesludgeadvancedreuseimplementNEWateristhebrandnamegivento________waterproducedbySingapore'sPublicUtilitiesBoard.More___________,itistreatedwastewater(sewage)thathasbeen_________usingadvancedmembranetechnology(膜化学技术)inadditionto____________watertreatmentprocesses.Thewaterispotable(可饮用的)andisconsumedbyhumans,butismostlyusedforindustryrequiringhigh________water.TheSingaporeWaterReclamationStudy(NEWaterStudy)wasinitiatedin1998,withanaimtodetermineifNEWaterwasaviable(可行的)sourceofrawwaterforSingapore'sneedsandto_________relianceonwaterimportedfromMalaysia…By2060,NEWaterisprojectedtomeet50%ofSingapore’sfuturewaterdemand.reduceconventionalspecificallyreclaimedpurifiedpurityreclaimedpurifiedconventionalpurityreducespecificallyBook2-Unit41.WhenSingaporebecameindependent,whatproblemsdiditfaceintermsofresources,andhowdiditaddresstheseproblems?ComprehensionQuestionsBook2-Unit4Singaporeischaracterizedby(a)smallsize;and(b)lackofnaturalresources;Sinceitsindependence,Singaporehasbeenstrugglingwithitsbiggestenemyoflackofnaturalresources.TheymadetreatieswithMalaysiaforfr