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zymbaclass@hotmail.comChapter9CooperativeStrategyzymbaclass@hotmail.comzymbaclass@hotmail.comPartnershipsbetweenfirmsarecombinedtopursuemutualintereststoDevelopManufactureDistributeGoodsServicesFirmAFirmBwheretheirCoreCompetenciesCapabilitiesResourcesStrategicAllianceszymbaclass@hotmail.comExample:Xi’anJanssenPharmaceuticals.Example:ChryslerandMitsubishiAutomotiveExample:Chrysler’ssuppliernetworkTypesofStrategicAlliancesIndependentfirmiscreatedbythejoiningassetsfromtwootherfirmswhereeachcontributesX%ofthetotalJointVenturePartnershipwherethetwopartnersdonotownequalsharesEquityStrategicAllianceContractisgiventosupply,produceordistributeafirm’sgoodsorservices(withoutequitysharing)Non-EquityStrategicAlliancezymbaclass@hotmail.comReasonsforAlliancesbyMarketTypeSlowCycleMarketGainaccesstoarestrictedmarketEstablishfranchiseinanewmarketMaintainmarketstabilityStandardCycleMarketGainmarketpowerGainaccesstocomplementaryresourcesOvercometradebarriersMeetcompetitivechallengePoolresourcesforlargeprojectsLearnnewbusinesstechniquesFastCycleMarketMaintainmarketleadershipFormanindustrytechnologystandardShareriskyR&DexpensesOvercomeuncertaintyIncreasespeedofproduct,serviceormarketentryzymbaclass@hotmail.comCorporate-LevelDiversificationAlliancesSynergisticAlliancesFranchisingTypesofStrategicAlliancesBusiness-LevelComplementaryAlliancesCompetitionReductionAlliancesCompetitionResponseAlliancesUncertaintyReductionAllianceszymbaclass@hotmail.comPartnershipsthatbuildonthecomplementaritiesamongfirmsthatmakeeachmorecompetitiveComplementaryStrategicAlliancesSupplierValueChainBuyerValueChainIncludedistribution,supplieroroutsourcingallianceswherefirmsrelyonupstreamordownstreampartnerstobuildcompetitiveadvantageTypesofBusiness-LevelStrategicAlliancesVerticalAllianceExample:JapanesemanufacturersrelyoncloserelationshipsamongsupplierstoimplementJust-In-Timeinventorysystemszymbaclass@hotmail.comUsedtoincreasethestrategiccompetitivenessofthepartnersExample:ProductdevelopmentagreementsbetweenMicrosoftandDreamworksSKGSupplierValueChainBuyerValueChainComplementaryStrategicAlliancesTypesofBusiness-LevelStrategicAlliancesHorizontalAlliancezymbaclass@hotmail.comExample:OPECpetroleumcartelExample:LegendGrouphasagreementwithToshibaNotebookforexclusivesalesinChinaExample:AT&TacquiresTeleport,aprovideroftelecommunicationsservicestobusinesscustomersTypesofBusiness-LevelStrategicAlliancesAvoidingcompetitionbyusingtacit(默许)collusion(勾结)suchaspricefixingCompetitionReductionStrategiesFirmsjoinforcestorespondtoastrategicactionofanothercompetitorCompetitionResponseStrategiesAlliancescanbeusedtohedgeagainstriskanduncertaintyUncertaintyReductionStrategieszymbaclass@hotmail.comTypesofCorporate-LevelStrategicAlliancesExample:SamsungGroupjoinswithNissantobuildnewautosExample:McDonald’sExample:SonysharesdevelopmentwithmanysmallfirmsAllowsafirmtoexpandintoanewproductormarketareawithanacquisitionDiversifyingAlliancesCreateeconomiesofscopebetweentwoormorefirms,creatingsynergyacrossmultiplebusinessesbetweenfirmsSynergisticStrategicAlliancesAllowsfirmstogrowandrelativelystrongcentralizedcontrolwithoutsignificantcapitalinvestmentsFranchisingzymbaclass@hotmail.comHowever....InternationalCooperativeStrategiesAllowsrisksharingbyreducingfinancialinvestmentHostpartnerknowslocalmarketandcustomsInternationalalliancescanbedifficulttomanageduetodifferencesinmanagementstyles,culturesorregulatoryconstraintsMustgaugepartner’sstrategicintentsotheydonotgainaccesstoimportanttechnologyandbecomeacompetitorzymbaclass@hotmail.comDynamicNetworksInternalNetworksNetworkstrategiesinvolveagroupofinterrelatedfirmsthatworkforthecommongoodofallExample:firmsinChamberofCommerceStableNetworksNetworkStrategiesThethreetypesofnetworks:zymbaclass@hotmail.comExample:NIKE’srelationshipswithsuppliersanddistributorsExample:Wal-martnetworkExample:LegendGroupandChineseAcademyofSciencesNetworkStrategiesLongtermrelationshipsthatoftenappearinmatureindustrieswithlargelypredictablemarketcyclesStablenetworkArrangementsthatevolveinindustrieswithrapidtechnologicalchangeleadingtoshortproductlifecyclesDynamicnetworkManagementsystemusedtocoordinateaglobalwebofsuppliersandcustomersInternalnetworkzymbaclass@hotmail.comCompetitiveRiskswithCooperativeStrategiesWhilecooperativesystemscanoffermanyadvantages,therearealsosignificantrisksassociatedwiththemPoorcontract(looseandnotdetailed)developmentMisrepresentationofpartners’competenciesFailureofpartnerstomakecomplementaryresourcesavailableBeingheldhostagethroughspecificinvestmentsmadewithpartnerMisunderstandingapartner’sstrategicintentzymbaclass@hotmail.comCompetitiveRisksRiskandAssetManagementApproachesOutcomeValueCreationManagingRisksinCooperativeStrategiesInadequatecontractsMisrepresentationofcompetenciesPartnerfailstousecomplementaryresourcesHoldingalliancepartner’sspecificinvestmentshostage****DetailedcontractsandmonitoringDevelopingtrustingrelationships**