第四讲词义猜测题词义猜测题是高考阅读理解必考的题型之一,它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断;既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新意,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。[常见设问方式]·Theword“...”refersto/probablymeans________.·Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby________.·Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor?·Bysaying“...”theauthormeans________.·“...”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas________.·Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”?怎么解——活用5大猜词技法要做好词义猜测题,考生必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇,在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语,掌握构词法的基本知识,对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心,还要学会根据上下文语意进行合理推测,掌握一定的解题技巧。下面介绍5种行之有效的猜词技法,希望对考生提高阅读理解词义猜测题的解题能力有所帮助。技法一利用上下文线索猜测词义1.重述作者为了使某一复杂难懂的词汇或术语的含义更清楚,通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释,这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)与句子的其他部分隔开或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有:or,namely,thatis,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputinanotherway等。[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B节选)“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,”saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”Ofcourse,notonlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,”addsHill.26.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“takingon”inparagraph4mean?A.learningfromB.lookingdownonC.workingwithD.competingagainst分析:画线词汇所在的句子中有破折号,而画线词又位于破折号之前,因此,须特别注意破折号后面的内容。根据第二个破折号后面的内容可知,三位中国最优秀的时装设计者在设计和销量方面击败了三位顶尖西方设计师,据此可推知,takeon在该句中应表示“与……较量”,故选D项。2.定义作者有时会通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义,尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中。此时,常使用的信号词有:i.e.,is,are,is/arecalled,mean,referto,knownas等。典例(2015·江苏高考阅读D节选)Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwerebothtyrannies,oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.65.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?A.CountrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelpB.Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.D.Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.分析通过画线词后的定义“oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses”一个有强大权力的人统治着无助的群众,可知,tyrannies应意为“专政,暴君统治”,故正确答案为D项。3.举例有时,画线词后会跟有一些具体的例子对画线词进行解释说明,这些例子能帮助考生理解该词的词义。此时常出现的信号词有:suchas,such...as,forexample,forinstance,like,including,especially等。典例(2016·江苏高考阅读B节选)Chimps(黑猩猩)willcooperateincertainways,likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory.分析根据下文的举例“likegatheringinwarpartiestoprotecttheirterritory”可推知,画线单词的意思应是“合作”。4.同义词或近义词在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中,作者为了避免语言的单调、重复,有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此,考生只要读懂上下文,知道其中一个词的意思,就能猜出另外一个词的意思。[典例](2019·江苏高考阅读B节选)JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhighaltitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblowupforoneofthevisitors'centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera:almostthewholepark—2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacross—muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blowup”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?A.Hotairballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird'sview.分析:根据节选段第一句中的“NASAdecidedto...bytakingphotographsofYellowstone.”和画线词后的“AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos...millionacres—wascaldera.”可知,NASA拍摄了黄石国家公园的照片,Christiansen在照片上看到公园的全景。画线词后面一句中出现了thephotos,定冠词the特指前面提及的事物,即blowup,两者为近义词,由此可推知,blowup意为“放大的照片”。故选C。5.反义词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子,这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有:(whether...)or,unlike,but,yet,however,while,although,nevertheless,instead,ratherthan,incontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand等。典例(2015·福建高考阅读E节选)[2]Ifyou'retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored,youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat'llkeepyourworkoutontrack.73.Theunderlinedword“upbeat”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“________”.A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriousD.temporaryB.averageD.temporary分析根据语境可知,upbeat应与上文中的“tiredof”意义相反,故本题正确选项为A项。6.代词在平时的学习中,熟悉代词的含义十分重要。在文章的具体语境中常出现的代词有:it,this,that,he,them,they,one,those等。一般来讲,it/this/that指代一件事;it/he/them/they/one/those可指代上文提到的人或事。[典例](2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B节选)Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback—hewithhisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn'tseeeachotherallthatregularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A.Theirbelief.B.Theircareforchildren.C.Theirsuccess.D.Theirsupportforeachother.分析:根据节选段第一句“Wesharedthebeliefthat...”可知,我们有着相同的信念,那就是若你足够幸运而成功的话,你应该对这个世界有所回报……尽管我们不常见面,但是正是那种信念让我们聚在了一起。sharingthat与前面的sharedthebelief呼应,由此可知,“that”在此代指前面出现的belief,故本题正确选项为A项。技法二根据语法知识猜测词义在英语句子中,同位语或同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用,因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。典例(2016·江苏高考阅读D节选)Sheranattheschoolchampions