第三讲怎样创满分——慎解语篇层次题,防范细节失分题高考担负着区分考生、选拔人才的功能,因此每篇完形填空中总有2~3道较难的题目作为考生取得优异成绩的“拦路虎”。导致这些题目错选的原因主要有以下几点:①解题信息比较隐蔽;②干扰项迷惑性较强;③情感态度较难把握;④惯性思维所致。针对这些题目,考生除了需具备扎实的语言功底外,还应谨慎小心应对。一、语篇层次题——放眼全篇再判定语篇层次题的解题信息不局限于某一句或某一句群,而是分散在某一段或几段甚至全篇之中,这就要求考生理解整篇文章,抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想意图或主角的心理,然后进行准确的推理、判断,从而做出正确的选择。对于此类题目,一定要坚持这样一个原则——不急于解答,读完全文后综合思维再做判定。[典例1](2019·全国卷Ⅱ)[1]It'sabout250milesfromthehillsofwestcentralIowatoEhlers'homeinMinnesota.Duringthelongtriphome,followingaweekendofhunting,Ehlers41.thoughtaboutthesmalldoghehadseen42.tremblingalongsidetheroad.Hehad43.tried_tocoax(哄)thedogtohimbut,frightened,ithad44.run_off.[2]Backhome,Ehlerswastroubledbythat45.lostdog.So,fourdayslater,hecalledhisfriendGreg,andthetwodrove46.back.Afteralongandcareful47.search,_Gregsaw,acrossafield,thedogmoving__48__away.Ehlerseventuallysucceededincoaxingtheanimaltohim.Nervousnessandfearwerereplacedwith49.joy.Itjuststartedlicking(舔)Ehlers'face.48.A.cautiouslyB.casuallyC.skillfullyD.angrily分析:本题是典型的语篇层次题,只看题目所在的句子我们是无法确定答案的,此类题目需要综合全篇来找线索。根据第一段最后一句中的“frightened”和第二段第二句中的“fourdayslater”并结合下文的“Nervousnessandfear”可知,一只走丢多日的小狗受到惊吓,感到紧张不安和恐惧,因此可推断当Greg看见它的时候,它应该是小心谨慎地(cautiously)移动。casually“随便地”;skillfully“巧妙地,熟练地”;angrily“生气地”。答案:A[典例2](2018·江苏高考)[1]RaynorWinnandherhusbandMothbecamehomelessduetotheirwronginvestment.Theirsavingshadbeen36.used_uptopaylawyers'fees.Tomakemattersworse,Mothwasdiagnosed(诊断)witha37.seriousdisease.Therewasno38.cure,_onlypainrelief....[6]Duringthejourney,Raynorbeganacareerasanaturewriter.Shewrites,“__52__hadtakeneverymaterialthingfrommeandleftmetornbare,anemptypageattheendofa53.partlywrittenbook.Ithadalsogivenmea54.choice,_eithertoleavethatpage55.blankortokeepwritingthestorywithhope.Ichosehope.”52.A.DoctorsB.HikingC.LawyersD.Homelessness分析:本题是语篇层次题,仅仅从这一段并没有办法确定答案。但是从文章第一段第一句“RaynorWinnandherhusbandMothbecamehomelessduetotheirwronginvestment.”可知是无家可归夺走了她所有的物质财富。答案:D[典例3](2017·江苏高考)ForalongtimeGabrieldidn'twanttobeinvolvedinmusicatall.Inhisfirstyearsofhighschool,Gabrielwouldlookpityinglyatthemusicstudents,36.strugglingacrossthecampuswiththeirheavyinstrumentcases,37.turning_upatschoolforpracticehours38.beforeanyoneelsehadtobethere.Hesworetohimselfto39.avoidmusic,ashehatedgettingtoschoolextraearly....This__52__,ofcourse,thathearrivedatschoolearlyinthemorning,53.dragginghisheavyinstrumentcaseacrossthecampustothe54.pityinglooksofthenonmusicianshehadleft55.behind.52.A.provedB.showedC.stressedD.meant分析:本题是语篇层次题,可以利用文章的首尾呼应关系解题。文章首段讲到很长一段时间以来,Gabriel厌恶学习音乐,因为他不喜欢早到校。而末段讲到Gabriel早上拉着他的重重的乐器箱子早早地到校,过上了他曾经不愿意过的音乐生的生活,末段这句话与首段相呼应,故可知答案选D项。mean“意味着”。答案:D二、细节失分题——常见三种错因诊断易错点一因惯性思维而错选在英语学习中,由于种种原因,如考生的母语、知识面、思维习惯等都有可能令考生出现一些思维定式现象,即不善于思考,考虑问题不全面,从而抑制思维能力的发展,导致误解一些题目。完形填空解题中因惯性思维而失分常有以下两种情况:1.学习单词时受到的思维定式影响有些考生学习英语单词过于简单化,仅记其中文意思,而不深刻理解其实际用法和英汉用法之间的细微差异。例如:表示“成功做某事”,不可以用succeedtodosth.来表达。2.学习词组或习惯用语时受到的思维定式影响例如:学习了waitfor这个词组以后,有的考生在做题过程中只要碰到wait,后面要接介词时就毫不犹豫地选择for。但在“Hestoppedhiscartowaitattheredlight.”中就不用for。[典例1](2019·北京高考)Althoughthe22.programmeasksthemembersonlytodrivestudentstoandfromtheirclasses,Wilsonoftengoes__23__toensurethewelfareandsafetyofthestudents.A.farB.aroundC.beyondD.forwards分析:根据语境可知,此处表示威尔逊经常做得更多,因此用gobeyond表示他做的远远超出该项目所要求的职责范围。gobeyond意为“超越”。但考生受思维定式影响,看到go往往就考虑到gofar表示“走得远”,而误选A项。答案:C[典例2](2018·全国卷Ⅱ)IarrivedearlyatByronBaywhereweweresupposedto44.meet.Thebaywas__45__insunshine,andtherewasagroupofkayakersaround150mofftheshore.A.bathedB.cleanC.deepD.formed分析:受思维习惯的影响,考生看到空后的sunshine就会想到海滩在阳光下清洁的美丽画面,因此考生易误选B项。bebathedinsunshine为拟人用法,意为“沐浴在阳光下”,说明天气晴好,阳光明媚,暗示作者激动兴奋的心情。答案:A易错点(二)因不明一词多义或熟词生义而错选在最近几年的高考完形填空中,一词多义或熟词生义的考查屡见不鲜,这往往也是考生容易忽视的地方。很多考生由于不懂这些熟词的“新义”而出现思维堵塞,造成了不应有的失分。下面我们选取具有代表性的高考试题加以分析,以帮助考生熟悉其命题特点,从而跳出命题人设置的词汇“陷阱”。[典例1](2019·江苏高考)Howcanwe__52__theeverwideninggapthatseparatesusfromotheranimals?A.leaveB.bridgeC.openD.identify分析:空处表示我们怎样才能弥合我们与其他动物之间日益扩大的鸿沟呢?bridge在此用作动词,意为“克服;消除”,为熟词生义,bridgethegap意为“消除隔阂/鸿沟”。答案:B[典例2](2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Everyyearabout40,000peopleattempttoclimbKilimanjaro,thehighestmountaininAfrica.They41.bringwiththemlotsofwaste.The42.crowdsmightdamagethebeautyoftheplace.Theglaciers(冰川)aredisappearing,changingthe__43__ofKilimanjaro.A.positionB.ageC.faceD.name分析:根据设空前的“The42.crowdsmightdamagethebeautyoftheplace.Theglaciers(冰川)aredisappearing”可知,人群可能会破坏这个地方的美,冰川也正在消失。由此可推断,这一切正在改变着乞力马扎罗山的面貌(face)。face一词多义,此处意为“(某物的)面,表面”。答案:C易错点三因词汇理解障碍而错选在完形填空题的设题上,命题者往往还将一些考生平常容易忽视的低频词汇设置成选项,从而造成考生错选。对于这些词汇,考生在平时必须引起重视,背熟记牢。[典例1](2019·江苏高考)ChrisandTimworkatazoo,helpingendangeredcraneswiththeir__38__...Withtheirpatienceandefforts,theysuccessfullydevelopeda47.combinationofartificialbreeding(人工繁殖)andnaturalreproduction.A.abortionB.recreationC.reproductionD.administration分析:由后文提到的“artificialbreedingandnaturalreproduction(人工繁殖和自然繁殖)”可知,此处为两位饲养员帮助濒危的白枕鹤繁殖(reproduction)。abortion“人工流产”;recreation“娱乐,消遣”;administration“管理,施行”。四个选项都是低频词,大大增加了做题的难度。答案:C[典例2](2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Above4,000metersisthehighland57.desert:gravel(砾石),stonesandrocks.58.Finallyyouclimbintoanarcticlikezonewith__59__snowandtheglaciersthatmaysoondisappear.A.permanentB.littleC.fr