英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略

Translationofdiscourse英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略TranslationofdiscourseWhatisthediscourse?Discoursemeanseitherwrittenorspokencommunication.Thetermisoftenusedinsemanticsanddiscourseanalysis.汉语定义篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇）篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）篇章特征篇章它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。（一）AComparisonBetweenChineseDiscourseandEnglishDiscourse1.TheSimilarities1.1Cohesion(衔接）(cohesivedevices)Itconcernshowtheactualwordswehearorseearemutuallyconnectedwithinasequence.（词汇上的衔接关系）1.2Coherence（连贯性）(coherent)Itconcernsthewaysinwhichthecomponentsofthetextualwordaremutuallyaccessibleandrelevant.(distributeknowledgeorattainaobject)（意义上的内在联系）2.TheDifferences2.1ChineseDiscourse→Inductive（归纳性的）→SpiralEnglishDiscourse→Deductive（演绎性的）→Straight他出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地方，他还有这样的母亲，这些要是让他知道的话，他会多么丢人。Heknewhowashamedhewouldhavebeenifshehadknownhismotherandthekindofplaceinwhichhewasborn,andthekindofpeopleamongwhomhewasborn.2.2ParataxisVSHypotaxisChinesediscourse-----parataxis(意合）Englishdiscourse-------Hypotaxis(形合）Example(1)牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。Translation:Wavesuponwaves,thePeonyRiverrushedviolentlydownitslongcourselikeahorsegalloping.2.3SubjectconsciousnessVSObjectconsciousnessChinesediscourse---Subjectconsciousness(主体意识）---personassubject（主语）Englishdiscourse----Objectconsciousness（客体意识）----ThingassubjectGeneralprinciples英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时，一般可以采用“临摹”的办法，按照源语的发展思路，在译语中复制或基本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作“逻辑顺组”（logiccopying）。由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式，逻辑层次等方面存在很大的差异，汉英互译时往往需要进行“逻辑重组”(logicreshuffling)(二）衔接与连贯(cohesionandcoherence)1cohesionHalliday&Hasan在CohesioninEnglish中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类照应reference替代substitution省略ellipsis词汇衔接lexicalcohesion连接conjunction1.1reference(照应）Personalreference(人称照应）人称照应是通过人称代词(如they,she,him等）、所属限定词（如his,your,its等）,和所属代词（hers,theirs，mine等）和冠词指示代词来实现。英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。为了衔接紧密增译代词和冠词孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。（《孔乙己》）Kongwastheonlylong-gownedcustomertodrinkhiswinestanding.Hewasabigman,strangelypallid,withscarsthatoftenshowedamongthewrinklesofhisface.Hehadalargeunkemptbeard,streakedwithwhite.Althoughheworealonggown,itwasdirtyandtattered,andlookedasifithadnotbeenwashedormendedforovertenyears.(Tr.YangXianyi&GladysYang)每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。Everyyearafterthe20thofthelunar12thmonth,inhabitantsontheislandwouldstarttheircountdownontheSpringFestival.Theywouldsweeptheirhousesclean,flickeringeverybitofdustoffthefurniture.Afterthattheybegintopreparevariousfoods:steamedNewYearcakes,friedbeans,firedsweetpotatochips,andbakedricecookies.Onthe25thand26thofthemonth,householdsstarttheir“NewYearThanks-giving”ritestopayhomagetotheirancestors.1.2Substitution(替代）SubstitutioncouldbefoundinChineselanguageandEnglishLanguage,butcomparatively,itisusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishLanguage.甲：玛丽学近代文学，不学近代语言学。乙:她学近代历史么？A：Marystudiesmodernliteratureanddoesn’tdomodernlinguistics.B：Doesshedomodernhistory?1.3ellipsisChinese--------repetitionEnglish---------ellipsis近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Associationwiththegoodcanonlyproducegood,withthewicked,evil.阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。Readingexercisesone’seyes;speaking,one’stongue;whilewriting,one’smind..1.4lexicalcohesion(词汇衔接）Chinese--------lexicalrepetition（词汇重复）English----------Semanticrepetition（语义重复orrelativepronoun）1）每年有2000多个等待器官移植的病人濒于死亡……（人体）器官的短缺非常严重。Morethan2，000patientsaredyingannuallywhilewaitingfortransplant,…Theshortageoforgansissoserious2)这个时候他来了，而这时我根本想不到他会来。HecameatatimewhenIleastexpectedhim.3)那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分人呆在家里。Itwasoneofthosecold,weteveningswhenmostpeoplestayindoors.1.5conjunction连接成分本身就具有明确含义，通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词语，“人们可以了解子句之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。（胡壮麟，1994：92）表示递进关系：also,too,furthermore,besides,moreover,inaddition,whatismore…表示因果关系：because,for.Forthisreason.Since,asaresult,thus,therefore,so,consequently,ofcourse,accordingly…表示文章意义的转折或对比：although,however,onthecontrary,still,but,otherwise,despite,nevertheless,though,infact,ontheotherhand,asamatteroffact…表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first,second,third…afterthis/that,meanwhile,suddenly,andsoon,then,before,next,formerly,later,finallyintheend,atlast…表示列举：firstly,secondly…,foronething…,foranother;firstofall,tobeginwith,then,last,inconclusion,lastofall,toconclude…表示举例、解释：forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,toillustrate…表示总结：inshort,tosumup,inconclusion,briefly,onthewhole,toconclude,tosummarize…本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受，一种到家的感觉。Ithasbeenmorethan20yearssinceIstartedmycareerinHongKong,whereIhaveweatheredthroughvarioushardships.Mymodestachievementsinbusinessalsogoalongwithmultitudinouspainsandtears.Asaresult,everytimewhenIreturntomyhometown,whereIamgivenwarmreceptionsbythelocalgovernmentleaders,myheartwillbeoverflownwithtendernessandaffection,foritgivesmeafeelingofhome.Reference指称2)ReferenceisgreatlyencouragedtouseinEnglishdiscourse.ButitisseldomadoptedinChinesediscourse.他双手插进口袋，