英语句子结构及成分第一章:英语句子结构和成分的详细解释第一章句子成分和简单句基本句型一、句子成分构成篇章的基本单位是句子,组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分都是由单词、短语或从句充是句子的修饰部分。二、充当句子成分的各种形式主语:主语可以由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等来担任。1.名词Alleffortswillbeinvainifwecan‘tlearnEnglishbypracticingrepeatedly.如果我们不通过反复练习来学习英语,所有的努力将付之东流。2.数词Twothirdsofthemcanplaymorethanonemusicalinstrument.他们中有2/3的人不只能演奏一种乐器。3.代词Whoknowstheanswer?谁知道答案?4.不定式Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实It‘sanhonortomakeaspeechhere.在这里发言我很荣幸。5.动名词Inmyopinion,cloningshouldbedealtwithcarefully.我认为应该慎重对待克隆。6.名词化的形容词或分词Theoldshouldberespected.老人因该受到尊重。Thedisabledwillreceivemoremoney.残疾人会收到更多的钱。7.名词性短语Theteacherwithhisstudentsisgoingtovisitthemuseum.老师和同学们要去参观博物馆。8.主语从句Whathesaiddidn‘tagreewithwhathedid.他的言行不一。主语从句常使用it作形式主语。ItisuncertainwhetherhecancometoJenny‘sbirthdaypartyornot.IthappenedthathewasoutwhenIgotthere.当我到那儿时,碰巧他不在。考查对句中主语的确定【技巧点拨】1.对句中主语的考查通常出现在强调句型中,即―Itis/was+主语(强调部分)+that+谓语部分‖。注意充当主语的应该是名词、代词、名词性词组或名词性从句。动词原形,介词词组或一个具有完整意义但缺少连词的简单句都是不能充当主语的。2.句中的主语直接决定了谓语动词的单复数。对主语的确定不能被一些表象所迷惑。尤其要能辨识下面这种现象,即当主语后面跟有aswellas,alongwith,togetherwith,like,but,except,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数按主语的单复数而定。Itwas____computergamesthatcosttheboyalotoftimethatheoughttohavespentonhislessons.A.tohaveplayedB.playingC.playedD.havingplayed【答案与解析】B该句是一个强调句型,强调部分是句子的主语成分,所以用动名词充当。注意这种结构通常在句中做句首状语,表明其动作发生在谓语动词之前。【举一反三】41.—Whatmadehimsoangry?—____.A.BecausehissonliedtohimB.HissonliedtohimC.Becauseofhisson‘slieD.Hisson‘slyingtohim2.Dr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughters,____visitBeijingthissummer.(09·陕西)A.isgoingtoB.aregoingtoC.wasgoingtoD.weregoingto3.ProfessorJameswillgiveusalectureontheWesternculture,butwhenandwhere___yet.(07·浙江)A.hasn‘tbeendecidedB.haven‘tdecidedC.isn‘tbeingdecidedD.aren‘tdecided反馈训练1改正下列句子中的错误。1.Chinaisnolongerwhatusedtobe.2.Hissonwasmissingintheearthquakemadehimveryanxious.3.Therewasanaccidenthappenedtohim.4.Thosecametoseemethatafternoonaresomefriendsofmine.5.Withoutafriendwillfeellonely.6.Largequantitiesofmoneyhasbeencollectedtohelpthosesufferingfromthefloods7.Itisimportantforuscooperatingwitheachother;otherwise,wewillneveraccomplishtheaim.谓语谓语是构成句子的最主要成分之一,谓语由动词来担任。谓语的中心词有人称、数、语气、语态和时态的变化。如:1.ShespeaksEnglishfluently.她的英语讲得很流利。2.Lindaworkedinthecompanyfortwoyears.琳达在那个公司工作过两年。3.Withoutyourhelp,wecouldn‘thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.4.YouaresincerelyinvitedtoapartytobegivenattheTeachers‘Club.5.Makesuretoformthehabitofturningofftheelectricfacilitieswheneveryouleavetheclassroom.6.Theteacherinsistedthatwe(should)useanEnglish-Englishdictionary.反馈训练2改正下列句子中的错误。1.Heagainstyourplan.2.Aweekpastbeforehisletterarrived.3.Iwatchedhimuntilhewasdisappearedfromsightinthedistance.4.Theeconomiccrisisworseninginsomecountries.5.TheprofessorhascometoChinaforfiveyears.6.Becausehewasseriouslyill,helaidinbedwaitingforthedoctortocome.7.Pollutioneffectsmorepeoplelivingintoday'ssocietythanitdidinpreviousyears.8.ThefilmstartedforfifteenminuteswhenIgottothecinema.9.Ifheknewtheanswer,hewilltellme.10.Waitingoutsideuntilyouareasked.宾语:宾语表示动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、数词、动名词、动词不定式和宾语从句充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。如:1.名词Shehasaverypleasantsmileandalwayshasatwinkleinhereyes.她笑得很灿烂,总是闪烁着那双大眼睛。2.代词Pleasewakemeupatsixtomorrowmorning.请明天早上六点叫醒我。3.数词Ineedthreemore.我还需要三个。4.同源宾语Shedreamtasweetdream.她做了个美梦。5.动名词短语Hedoesn‘tallowsmokinginhisoffice.他不允许在他办公室里吸烟。6.动词不定式短语Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.我本打算告诉你,但我忘记了。7.疑问词+不定式Wehaven‘tdecidedwheretomeet.我们没有决定在那见面。8.宾语从句Noonecandenythatsmokingleadstocancer.没有人能否认吸烟能致癌的事实。Wetookitforgrantedthattheywouldaccepttheproposal.我们以为他们会理所当然地接受这项建议。宾语补足语:有些动词除有宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,句子意义才能完整。所以宾语补足语说明宾语是什么、做什么、处于什么状态的成分,其逻辑主语为句子的宾语。。根据宾语和宾补在逻辑上存在的主谓(主动)或动宾(被动)关系,选用不同的非谓语动词形式作宾补。宾语与宾补一起构成复合宾语。一.常用的复合宾语结构为:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,其中宾语补足语可由下列形式充当。1.名词Theyallmadehimmonitor.我们都选他当班长。2.形容词After-classactivitieswillnotonlymakeourschoollifecolorful,butalsoimproveourlearning.课外活动不仅让我们的学校生活丰富多彩,还能够提高我们的学习。3.副词Willyoupleaseinviteallofthemin?你能把它们都邀请近来吗?4.介词词组After-classactivitiesfreestudentsfromtheheavystudy.课外活动把学生从繁重的学习中解脱出来。5.动词不定式Nowadays,studentsareencouragedtotakepartinvarietiesofafter-classactivities.现在学生被鼓励参加各种各样的课外活动。6.省to的动词不定式Sportshelpusbuildupourbody,improveourabilityofbalance,developourenduranceandcooperationsense.体育运动有助于我们增强体质,提高平衡能力,培养耐力和合作精神。7.现在分词短语Isawastrangerwavingtome.我看见一个陌生人给我挥手。8.过去分词短语Theyfoundtheirhousebrokeninto.他们发现房屋被盗。9.it作形式宾语的复合宾语结构Ifounditpleasanttobewithyourfamily.我发现和你的家人在一起很令人愉快。10.with的复合宾语结构Theystayedinthecave,withnothingtoeat.他们呆在山中,没有东西可吃。WiththeInternetbecomingmoreandmorepopular,wehavefewerface–tofacetalkswithourfriends.随着因特网的日益普及,我们和朋友之间面对面的交流更少了。考查宾语及宾补的正确形式【技巧点拨】1.对宾语的考查主要涉及动名词和不定式做宾语的情况。用不定式还是动名词作宾语取决于谓语动词本身的用法特点。所以,要解好这类题的关键是熟记常见的用不定式或动名词作宾语的动词。2.有些及物动词后既可用动名词,也可用不定式作宾语,但两种结构在意义上差别很大。所以,解题的关键也是先要熟记这类动词的用法,才能在具体的语境中灵活运用。3.对宾补的考查主要涉及非谓语动词作宾补的辨析。具体选用哪种形式既要看谓语动词本身的用法特点,比如catchsb.doingsth,letsb.dosth.等这样的固定的宾补形式,又要看宾语和宾补之间是主动还是被动关系。比如:seesb.do/doingsth.(主动),seesb./sth.done(被动关系)。如:Ican‘tstand____withJaneinthesameoffice.Shejustrefuses___talkingwhilesheworks.(2006·北京)A.working;stoppingB.towork;stoppingC.working;tostopD.towork;tostop【答案