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1歷T例力理林力理烈裡力來Barney1991Sustainedcompetitiveadvantage不不易見了例力識Dodgson(1993)了立識率力累不力Lant&Mezias1990不力理了年了度不流理不度例度歷2識類識累識類識識識流識例流略都識識易know-howKnow-how累例朗羅力神來識識了識便累力識離識流路例InternetIntranet識行識累識來益益識不行識識行識識來識Grant(1996)識力Transferability力Capacityfor3aggregation兩識know-about識識識know-how不論識識都力識度不識不度識若識識識CommonLanguage識度力Nonaka2000識率Knowledgeconversionrate識來識累識識不不識異若識識累立力識歷念歷Mukherjeeetal.(1998)歷歷念4念行念度歷識NonakaSECI了識識識識識識類1.識不累識類識識例例練了若識2.識類念來識識行來識類念識見流都3.念識類識識類識類識理5了4.識識了識識識了歷例歷精便識識歷CollectivelearningNonaka&Takeuchi理來識螺識立連識識螺立行利類識來識識來識行不6來識OrganizationalMemory不度不識來Stein1995論(1)Metaphor(2)embedded理理論(3)理見理不WalshandUngson1991了識來識更論流(1)(2)(3)識識了識理識論不異例若不識了若不7狀度留若數留留讀力留率都流流了AcquisitionRetentionMaintenanceRetrievalAcquiring兩什留識不留識OrganizationalKnowledgeBase流料來SteinE.W.(1995).Organizationalmemory:reviewofconceptsandrecommendationsformanagement.InternationalJournalofInformationManagement,15(2):268行ArgyrisandSchon流了落論念了兩不Lower-levellearningFiol&Ayles1985Single-looplearningArgyris&Schon1996類句說類了流Higher-levellearningDouble-looplearning了類行了流了落料力都不識識識論識Retaining識了聯識來識流SOP錄識讀力不Walsh&Ungson(1991)識IndividualCultureTransformationStructureEcology9識Schein(1984)Commonlanguage神邏例流都了行例念行MaintenanceLoss了更留流流精神不留來若流率易流良離了識精Retrieving若識不行浪識識10識識不識識了度流了流更力降度勵行利了流更了度車來福車車更度不論福度都利度1.降浪2.3.良4.勵5.參參6.度度異異讀不度良11度Kaizen理念流良都Kaizen1920年不論都來EverydayineverydayIamgettingbetterandbetter.念Kaizen念了年來理例QualityCircleKanban理TQM度SuggestionsystemsJust-in-time都念念流度金金度行度度都例車了刺數量4510率流行論行良若立良度了行流識說識識Loermans2002論識理KMValueChainShin,Holden,&Schmidt2001念流12Shinetal.(2001)理識理不都識流列識理識識識識KM練Pentland(1995)Nonaka&Takeuchi(1995)Demarest(1997)Daal,Hass,andWeggeman(1998)Davenport,LongandBeers(1998)Liebowitz(1999)略履行行理行識理料來ShinM.,HoldenT.&SchmidtRA.(2001).Fromknowledgetheorytomanagementpractice:towardsanintegratedapproach.InformationProcessingandManagement,37:341Holzner&Marx(1979)13()識KnowledgeacquisitionKnowledgecreation識例了更率度都識識兩識例利Huber1991識行識Learningbydoing利流度流了論識識利都累()識Knowledgetransfer識識歷Huber1991識識識了SECI不論識識都識識識識落度都識Nonaka識螺都聯()識Knowledgeapplication識若不不識14識Dixon1994度裡若理量諸行行來更流識邏論不識識度識識理都識來識裡識不更識便度裡識論錄累都更更率理聯度聯度識利SOP見流度流識念識力識識不識識來識識識行識來15參行歷Yin(1994)若什歷略類聯不率來理歷異行度歷料來行歷料歷異(1)度料度(2)異行見露異理留留識聯度了識流歷識聯流流六16六流度行便(1)力行度度理論(2)便利行良數量良來不理說念行料17錄1Y93/10/262C93/10/263H93/10/264L93/10/265I93/10/276M理93/10/277N93/10/27料度行料說行了度行錄留料錄錄料錄行若行立年年歷立流了零了量92年量不力18理念流理不不良不不良流了論料零年都不力Just-in-time念理念理度理度量率度度度理不年便度精神不力率精神參理了年來量料年85年數2,777度量了Arthur&Airman-Smith(2001)來流度行量Pendedideas行量不不狀1901000200030004000500060007000858687888990919293數數量年年量降論量滑都了力流數量降類不論都流列(1)(2)(3)(4)理(5)率(6)(7)了類留益勵金量數參度20量14勵金勵50參1006000理8000不了良六來來度行識識識識裡兩類(1)(2)(3)來度利刺利益……參來…………參(H)……idea……料參(M)了識了度都流年行數量歷練度21力良裡年……不來……(N)行精神練了度來流不料力力什不……累來力力來累……(N)若隸例來行論例……….……(Y)……料來……裡來30%不了量論……22(I)識識略兩類類識來idea類來IndividualTransformation1.來例來論論了類參論兩論類論論論論來不說論論論論論了類聯論例例例零識論行立()料例……論……(H)……論料裡……(C)23論若度切類不來落了不…..……來不了易了了了……(N)論論論狀了來便論……來不…………不不……了……來不push論……說不不便……(I)論論論年若立拉……try了年……不來……了塞……24……不路濾不兩來不兩論……range……了年兩年……(I)2.類流都參參,……參……年base……(M)數利了不來不……來……(N)料料,…………不……(N)良輪流參參良都流便了參來……參了來……(N)25……來良更……念論……(L)了識識流兩來1.度識力了濾來….裡路濾……(I)參……車參…………(N)利便利理行易例2.識識路……參……路料……來26……(M)來不刺不更識識論量識諸行度行年理略不不論識行識略論行若不不論若念類類便……………………(H)sample不try了……來了……(I)27()料料不了,……try……料try不行了……(I)落流便流行識流識參不理來龍來類參……不來龍……idea不……(I)不論行度都都理良類識留更流料留料裡便裡理理度行若不更流料……不見來來若不……不了……28論良識Arthur&Aiman-Smith(2001)論論數量數量聯說度流聯了說更(1)良(2)(3)論行識(4)論行識不了更識不識論更立累識不精理論若了力力更力更利29識度A.論來例錄流識都行論不流不B.歷不路行論行行來不邏不識更C.識理論說識論識識D.論來不落流若類30流兩不識識EmbeddedKnowledge識EncodedKnowledge1.識識流識識識2.識理識流識來識說識理類不流識識更易不論識識都識A.B.D.F.C.E.1.識2.識1.流2.料識31更累E.兩不類兩不不識流錄料例流錄流識識錄識識F.歷識流料讀識了流識識讀流精更識更聯精神識裡若參料更識識32更狀更識First-looplearningDouble-looplearning念參更益說識來不來度識流聯流流流留識識流錄料識識流說兩識來聯()識識識不識識識331.識2.識識流()歷識更更Retrieve料度類識來行利()識來了來來來識例練()I.流II.流識A.B.D.F.C.E.識A.B.D.F.()()C.E.1.識2.識識34都不了來率更理流理M參識N流識N識M參狀更聯流不類理陸理度立烈力流不都不例路練利路路料立都論了識刺35若不留識了度理理了歷更度論流露了1.不不不識了識流理識來來理例若留理練料便都參立若識易便識識識來2.理勵識了了來若識來36略了歷狀參不識力利裡都度切利行歷利易來識流說了歷不類識例流識識識若度類了識便理論識留流讀識識不易流流例1.類識不識行識拉識若類識來2.勞了料料37理論識若來例識度30論識識若立理率率不行都識識行論更行若來來若識不易料度行了年念都理念度都落流行若立行識度理刺邏了率理刺邏類例例理省力良率不列論降率38例力度練不泥識更更識了更理亂力不力更識行念類識歷例來念立類例了臨了論參行論不論不參留例念量若識來類都參了歷了了識歷理理立理參若了歷便理39不識利識不若來參1.KaizenHR1996‧理2.YinR.K.2001北3.1992識—例北立論4.KransdorffA.2000識理Know-how北5.NonakaI.,Takeuchi,H.1997論北流6.ArgyrisC.&SchonD.,1978.OrganizationalLearning:Theory,MethodandPractice.MA:Addision-Wesley.7.ArgyrisC.&SchonD.,1996.OrganizationalLearningII:Theory,MethodandPractice.MA:Addision-Wesley.8.ArthurJ.B.&Aiman-SmithL.,2001.Gainsharingandorganizationallearning:ananalysisofemployeesuggestionsovertime.AcademyofManagementJournal,44(4):737-7549.BarneyJ.,1991.Firmresourcesandsustainedcompetitiveadvantage.JournalofManagement,17(1):99-12010.BellR.F.,1997.Constructinganeffectivesuggestionsystem.IIESolutions.29(2):22-254011.BlacklerF.,1995.Knowledge,knowledgeworkandorganizations:anoverviewandinterpretation.OrganizationStudies.16(6):1021-104612.DixonN.,1994.TheOrganizationalLearningCycle:HowWeCanLearnCollectively,McGraw-Hill.13.DodgsonM.,1993.Organizationallearning:areviewofsomeliteratures.OrganizationStudies,14(3):375-39414.FiolC.M.&LylesM.A.,