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45674••••1()()()(FederalExpress)4-123456374-14.13594.24.2.11.WoodwardJoanWoodward(Essex)Woodward1008()()WoodwardWoodward104-210•I•II•IIIWoodward4-1604-2Woodward100AdaptedfromWoodward,ManagementandTechnology(London::HerMajestysStationeryOffice,1958).UsedwithpermissionofHerBritannicMajestysStationeryOffice.WoodwardJoanWoodward92.Woodward2WoodwardWoodward4-110114-3GeicoUSAAStateFarmAllstate61I1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.IIIII4-1346234815/9:14:11:1/JohonWoodwardIndustrialOrganization:TheoryandPractice(London:OxfodUniversityPress,1965).Usedwithpermission.4-312134.2.2Woodward(CIM)14CIM15TechknitsInc.800Techknits6224600016•(CAD)17•(CAM)CAMCAM18•CADCAM19CADCAMXeroxWestinghouseTexasInstrumentsHewlett-PackardBoeing7778IBM2200355020CIMCIMLeviStrauss21221.CIM4-4WoodwardCIMCIM23CIM24CIM634-4BasedonJackMeredith,TheStrategicAdvantagesofNewManufacturingTechnologiesforSmallFirms,StrategicManagementJournal8(1987):249-58;PaulAdler,ManagingFlexibleAutomation,CaliforniaManagementReview(Spring1988):34-56;andOtisPort,Custom-MadeDirectfromthePlant,BusinessWeek21stCenturyCapitalism,18November1994,158-59.2.CIM4-2CIM()()CIM2526644-2BasedonPatriciaL.NemetzandLouisW.Fry,FlexibleManufacturingOrganizations:ImplicationforStrategyFormulationandDesign,AcademyofManagementReview13(1988):627-38;PaulS.Adler,ManagingFlexibleAutomation,CaliforniaManagementReview(Spring1988):34-56;JeremyMain,ManufacturingtheRightWay,Fortune,21May,54-64.4.2.3747910271.4-5CIM284-5CIM294-52.304-3654-5BasedonDavidE.Bowen,CarenSiehl,andBenjaminSchneider,AFramworkforAnalyingCustomerServiceOrientationsinManufacturing,AcademyofManagementReview14(1989):75-95.4-331TacoBellMcDonalds661.2.3.4.5.1.2.3.4.5.32TacoBell4.3GeneralMotorsCharlesPerrow33Perrow4.3.1Perrow4.3.2HeinekenBrewery4.3.3Perrow4-6674-6AdaptedwithpermissionfromRichardDaftandNormanMacintosh,ANewApproachtoDesignandUseofManagementInformation,CaliforniaManagementReview21(1978):82-92.Copyrightc1978bytheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia.ReprintedbypermissionoftheRegents.4-64-64-6Perrow34171)2)3)1)682)3)4.4354-74-71)DatepointT36691.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.3.4.5.6.1.2.3.4.5.6.2)373)384)395)406)4142()434-744454.54.5.1JamesThompson464-81.McDonaldsChicagoUrbana704-8ThompsonThompsonThompson2.Thompson47BA3.ABBAThompson71X4.5.24-8CADCAM48BoiseCascadeOregonBoise4.5.34-94-9AdaptedfromAndrewH.Ven,deVen,AndreDelbecq,andRichardKoenigDeterminantsofCommunicationModeswithinOrganization,AmericanSociologicalReview41(1976):330.72()()()49NCRNCR5004.650(AIT)(groupware)Duracell51524.6.1731)15053Mrs.FieldsInc.DebbiFieldsWright-Patterso542)55Xerox3)56MTVMTVTurnerMTVMTV574.6.21)134Hercules127AetnaLifeCasualty582)59JeffersonCityChesebrough-PondInc.3)ChaseManhattan74604)615)NorthAmericanBankingGroup30604.6.34.7607080WoodwardWoodwardPerrow75761.Perrow2.Thompson3.Woodward4.Woodward5.CIM6.7.EdanPetersonNewMexicoPetersonAITEdanPeterson8.9.PerrowPerrowWoodward777879