第八章:OrganizationStructure组织结构组织是管理的重要职能之一。本章对组织中的有关问题进行了较全面的介绍,本章的主要内容包括:组织的基础;纵向结构;横向结构;组织一体化。第一节:Fundamentalsoforganizing组织的基础OrganizationchartThereportingstructureanddivisionoflaborinanorganization.组织图:一个组织里的汇报结构和劳动分工。Thechartprovidesapictureofthereportingstructureandthevariousactivitiesthatarecarriedoutbydifferentindividuals.组织结构图展示了公司的汇报结构和不同个体执行的不同任务。Thetraditionalorganizationchart1.Theboxesrepresentdifferentwork.方框代表不同的工作。2.Thetitlesintheboxesshowtheworkperformedbyeachunit.方框中的名称表示每个单位做的工作。3.Reportingandauthorityrelationshipareindicatedbysolidlinesshowingsuperior-subordinateconnections.实线注明了汇报和职权关系,显示了上下级的联系。4.Levelsofmanagementareindicatedbythenumberofhorizontallayersinthechart.Allpersonsorunitsthatareofthesamerankandreporttothesamepersonareononelevel.水平排列的方框代表着管理层次。所有同一级别并向同一个人报告的个人或单位都在同一个等级水平上。Differentiation差异化DifferentiationAnaspectoftheorganization’sinternalenvironmentcreatedbyjobspecializationandthedivisionoflabor.差异化:组织的内部环境的一个方面,由工作专业化和劳动分工而产生。Differentiationmeansthattheorganizationiscomprisedofmanydifferentunitsthatworkondifferentkindsoftasks,usingdifferentskillsandworkmethods.差异化意味着企业由许多从事不同任务的不同单位构成,这些单位分别采用不同的工作技能和工作方法。Differentiationiscreatedthroughdivisionoflaborandjobspecialization.Divisionoflabormeansthattheworkoftheorganizationissubdividedintosmallertasks.Variousindividualsandunitsthroughouttheorganizationperformdifferenttasks.Specialization,inturn,referstothefactthatdifferentpeopleorgroupsoftenperformspecificpartsoftheentiretask差异化由劳动分工和专业化分工而产生,劳动分工意味着组织中的工作被分为更小的工作任务,由企业中的不同个人和单位完成不同的任务。专业化指不同的个人或单位只负责完成整个工作任务中的某些特定部分。Secretariesandaccountantsspecializein,andperform,differentjobs;similarly,marketing,finance,andhumanresourcestasksaredividedamongthoserespectivedepartments.秘书和会计具有不同的专长因而从事不同的工作;与此类似,营销、财务、和人力资源工作被划分为不同的部门。Thenumeroustasksthatmustbecarriedoutinanorganizationmakespecializationanddivisionoflabornecessities.Otherwisethecomplexityoftheoverallworkoftheorganizationwouldbetoomuchforanyindividual.在组织中需要完成众多不同的任务,从而使专业化和劳动分工成为必然,要不然,组织中工作的复杂性是任何个人都难以全部胜任的。Differentiationishighwhentherearemanysubunitsandmanykindsofspecialistswhothinkdifferently.当下属单位数量较多,众多专家的思维方式不同时,差异化程度较高。Integration一体化IntegrationThedegreetowhichdifferentiatedworkunitsworktogetherandcoordinatetheirefforts.一体化:差异化工作单位一起工作和协调他们工作的程度。Asorganizationsdifferentiatetheirstructures,managersmustsimultaneouslyconsiderissuesofintegration.Allofthespecializedtasksinanorganizationcannotbeperformedcompletelyindependently.Becausethedifferentunitsarepartofthelargerorganization,somedegreeofcommunicationandcooperationmustexistamongthem.Integrationanditsrelatedconcept,coordination,refertotheproceduresthatlinkthevariouspartsoftheorganizationtoachievetheorganization’soverallmission.当组织结构差异化之后,管理者必须同时考虑一体化的问题。组织中所有的专业化工作任务都不可能独立的完成。因为这些不同的单位都是某个更大组织的一部分,它们之间必然存在着某种程度的沟通和合作。一体化以及与其相关的概念协调,指的是连接组织中各个部分以实现企业整体使命的程序和步骤。Integrationisachievethroughstructuralmechanismsthatenhancecollaborationandcoordination.Anyjobactivitythatlinksdifferentworkunitsperformsanintegrativefunction.Remember,themorehighlydifferentiatedyourfirm,thegreatertheneedforintegrationamongthedifferentunits.一体化可以通过促进合作和协调的机制实现。任何一项连接不同工作单位的行动都执行着一体化的职能。第二节:Theverticalstructure纵向结构Inordertounderstandissuessuchasreportingrelationships,authority,responsibility,andthelike,weneedtobeginwiththeverticaldimensionofafirm’sstructure.为了理解如上下级关系、职权、职责等等概念,我们需要从组织结构的纵向层面开始。1.Authorityinorganizations组织中的职权AuthorityThelegitimaterighttomakedecisionsandtotellotherpeoplewhattodo.职权:法定的制定决策权和告诉其他人做什么的权力。Authorityisfundamentaltothefunctioningofeveryorganization.职权是每个组织的职能基础。Authorityresidesinpositionsratherthaninpeople.职权是与职位而不是人相联系的。1.1Theboardofdirectors董事会Incorporations,theownersarethestockholders.Butbecausetherearenumerousstockholders,andtheseindividualsgenerallylacktimelyinformation,fewaredirectlyinvolvedinmanagingtheorganization.Stockholderselectaboardofdirectorstooverseetheorganization.在公司里,股东是所有者。但是股东人数众多,他们通常缺乏及时的信息,只有极少数人直接参与到组织的直接管理当中。股东选出董事来监督组织。Boardsperformatleastthreemajorsetsofduties:(1)selecting,assessing,rewarding,andreplacingtheCEO;(2)determiningthefirm’sstrategicdirectionandreviewingfinancialperformance;and(3)assuringethical,sociallyresponsible,andlegalconduct.董事会至少要执行三大类职能:1)选择、评估、奖励或更换CEO;2)决定公司的战略方向,检查公司的财务状况;3)确保道德的、对社会负责的、合法的行为。Sometopexecutivesarelikelytositontheboard(theyareinsidedirectors).Thetrendinrecentyearshasbeentowardreducingthenumberofinsidersandincreasingthenumberofoutsiders.Today,mostcompanieshaveamajorityofoutsidedirectors.某些高层管理者可能在董事会中任职(他们被称为内部董事),近年来的趋势是减少内部董事,增加外部董事。现在,大多数公司外部董事占了绝大多数。1.2Thechiefexecutiveofficer首席执行官Theauthorityofficiallyvestedintheboardofdirectorsisassignedtoachiefexecutiveofficer,whooccupiesthetopoftheorganizationalpyramid.Thechiefexecutiveispersonallyaccountabletotheboardandtotheownersfortheorganization’sperformance.首席执行官位于组织金字塔的最顶层,由董事会授权行使权利。组织的业绩由首席执行官直接对董事会和所有者负责。1.3Thetopmanagementteam高层管理团队Increasingly,CEOssharetheirauthoritywithotherkeymembersofthetopmanagementteam.TopmanagementteamsaretypicallycomprisedoftheCEO,preside