第三节线虫杀虫剂主要内容一、昆虫病原线虫的形态特征二、线虫杀虫剂的发展历史三、昆虫病原线虫的种类及致病机理四、昆虫病原线虫的特点五、线虫杀虫剂的应用前景六、主要线虫杀虫剂产品一、昆虫病原线虫的形态特征线虫又称蠕虫,是一类较低等的动物,其体长仅毫米级大小,分类上属于无脊椎动物线虫动物门,线虫纲。已知的线虫约有42000多种。根据它们的食性可分为3类:腐生线虫、植物寄生线虫和动物寄生线虫。专性寄生在昆虫身体上的线虫,即虫生线虫,已知有1000多种。一、昆虫病原线虫的形态特征昆虫线虫:是寄生于昆虫体内的线虫,也称嗜虫线虫。可分为三类:寄生共生机械联合作用:调节昆虫种群和抑制害虫的作用一、昆虫病原线虫的形态特征身体半透明,呈细长的圆柱形,体表覆盖一层非细胞的弹性角质层,有横条纹或外环纹,但没有真的分节具排泄、神经、消化、生殖和肌肉系统,但无循环和呼吸系统消化道由位于前端的口、口腔、食道、肠、直肠等组成,肛门开口于腹面雌雄异体,行两性生殖寄主范围:多于3000种,分属31科,可寄生鳞翅、鞘翅、直翅、双翅、膜翅目等20目的数千种昆虫二、线虫杀虫剂的发展历史第一个有关线虫寄生昆虫的报道:18世纪中期1929粘Glaser从日本的一种丽金龟中得到了格氏斯氏线虫,标志利用昆虫病原线虫防治害虫的开始1940~1960年处于低潮1960~1970年,再次引人关注。如小卷蛾斯氏线虫、异小杆线虫三、昆虫病原线虫的种类已知的昆虫病原线虫有1000多种,其中应用较多的有:索线虫科斯氏线虫科异小杆线虫科无尾感器纲Adenophorea咀刺目Enoplida索科Mermithidae四线科Tetradonematidae尾感器纲Secernentea尖尾目Oxyurida尖尾科Oxyuridae小杆目Rhabditida小杆科Rhabditidae双胃科Diplogasteridae头叶科Cephalobidae斯氏线虫科Steinernematidae异小杆科Heterorhabditidae垫刃目Tylenchida垫刃科Tylenchidae腊肠线虫科Allantonematidae新垫刃科Neotylenchidae滑刃科Aphelenchoididae园线虫科Sphaerulariidae动物界KingdomAnimalia线虫门Nematoda(2纲13目)索科线虫(Mermithidae)形态:成虫幼虫体形相似,丝线状,体白色,0.2~30cm入侵过程:卵孵化出感染期索线虫主动寻找昆虫寄主,借口针和酶入昆虫体节间膜入侵。进入体腔后发育,一般游离于体腔内,有时达神经组织。症状:开始不表现明显病症,后行动迟钝、腹部异常膨大、食量减少或不取食。虫体异常透明,可从病虫外看到线虫寄主:昆虫、甲壳动物、蚯蚓、软体动物和蜘蛛等200种以上索科(Mermithidae)索属(Mermis):蝗虫水索属(Hydromermis):摇蚊巴索属(Bathymermis):水生昆虫湖索属(Limnomermis):摇蚊无性索属(Agamermis):蝗虫六索属(Hexamermis):陆生昆虫对索属(Allomermis):土壤昆虫腹索属(Gastromermis):蚋两索属(Amphimermis):稻螟、蛾类、蜻蜒泥索属(Psammomermis):六月鳃角金龟兰索属(Lanceimermis):水生昆虫里索属(Reesimermis):各种蚊类细索属(Disimermis):按蚊镒索属(Perutilimermis):盐泽伊蚊新中索属(Neomesomermis):蚋FemaleMermis(索线虫属)quirindiensis,amermithidparasiteofgrasshoppersinAustralia,ovipositingonvegetationduringarainyperiod.(G.Baker)EggofMermisquirindiensis.(G.Baker)Habitatofmermithid(地丝虫属、索科)nematodesinNortheasternAustralia.(G.Baker)Coiledadultmermithidnematodesinsoil.(G.Baker)Thegrasshopper,Phaolacridiumvittatum,dissectedtoshowparasitismbymermithidnematode.(G.Baker)FemaleMermisnigrescens(蝗索线虫),amermithidparasiteofgrasshoppersinNorthAmerica.Theblackcolorofthemermithidnematodeistotheeggsinthefemale'sbody.(J.Capinera)LocustdissectedtoshowMermisnigrescensjuvenilesinthecavity.(R.Gorden)LocustwithMermisnigrescenspostparasiteemergingfromtheregion.(J.Capinera)Japanesebeetle,Popilliajaponica,larvashowingmermithidjuvenilenematodeinsitu.(M.Klein)MermithidpostparasiteemergingfromJapanesebeetle,Popilliajaponica,larva.(M.Klein)UpperLeft:Terminalabdomenofblackflylarvawithmermithidjuvenileinsitu.LowerLeft:Mermithidpostparasiteemergingfromblackflylarva.UpperRight:Mermithidpostparasitesemergingfromblackflylarva.(R.Gordon)Romanomerisculicivorax(食蚊罗索线虫)juvenilecoiledinthethoraxofAedesaegypti.(R.Gordon)RomanomerisculicivoraxpostparasiteemergingfromthethoraxofAedesaegypti.(R.Gordon)垫刃目:园线虫科Sphaerulariidae有3属通过生殖器伸进寄主体腔侵染能杀死寄主或使成虫不孕寄主:鞘翅目、双翅目、膜翅目等垫刃目:园线虫科SphaerulariidaeSphaerulariopsisadult,anematodeparasiteofbarkbeetle,witheverteduterus.(DrawnbyR.Giblin-Davis)垫刃目:腊肠线虫科AllantonematidaeContortotylenchusjuvenilesemergingfromIps(小蠹)adultbarkbeetle(树皮甲虫).(D.Kinn)小杆目:小杆科Rhabditidae多营自由生活,许多种与昆虫发生各种类型的携带关系幼虫偶进入昆虫体腔,并在体腔内成熟交配,但大多雌虫不能在寄主体内产卵,寄主只在受到严重威胁时才死亡寄主:如天牛等小杆目:小杆科RhabditidaeDerocerasreticulum(fieldslug蛞蝓)feedingonaseedingofoilseedrape(canola).(M.Wilson)DerocerasreticulumintheforegroundinfectedbythenematodePhasmarhabditishermaphrodita.Notecharacter-isticswollenmantleoftheinfectedslugincomparisontothehealthyslugtheback-ground.(M.Wilson)DerocerasreticulumfivedaysafterdeathfollowinginfectedbyPhasmarhabditishermaphrodita,showingdenselypopulatedcadaverbeingfeduponbyadultnematodes.(M.Wilson)DerocerasreticulumonedayafterdeathfollowinginfectionbyPhasmarhabditishermaphrodita,showingadultnematodesspreadingandfeedingonentirecadaver斯氏线虫科Steinernematidae仅一个属,斯氏线虫属(Steinernemati)在生活史中形成特殊的“带鞘”的侵染期幼虫发育有两处阶段:寄生阶段和腐生阶段侵染期线虫体内携带共生细菌;昆虫发生败血病而死亡寄主:鞘翅目、双翅目、同翅目、膜翅目、等翅目、鳞翅目、脉翅目、蜻蜒目和直翅目致病机理:昆虫病原线虫消化道内携带共生细菌,当线虫从昆虫消化道或体壁侵入,进入昆虫血腔后,共生菌从线虫体内释放出来,在昆虫血液内增殖,使寄主患败血症迅速死亡。生活史:斯氏线虫科Steinernematidae异小杆科HeterorhabditidaeThemutualisticbacterium,Xenorhabdusbovienii,inavesicleofthenematode,Steinernemafeltiae(夜蛾斯氏线虫)(=bibionis).(R.Akhurst)StainedspecimenofSteinernemafeltiaeshowingthemutualisticbacterium,Xenorhabdusbovienii,inthevescle.(R.Akhurst)PhaseI(blue-green)andphaseII(pink)bacterialcoloniesofXenorhabdusnematophilus(嗜线虫致病杆菌)onNBTAplate.WhilephaseIbacterialcoloniesareblue-greeninthisslide,whencoloniesareactivelygrowingthiscolorwouldappeardarkgreeninstead(M.A.Hatab)CyclocephalahirtainfectedwiththenematodeHetero-rhabditisbacteriophor(redgrub)andhealthygrub(white).Theredcolorisduetopigmentproductionbysymbioticallyassociatedbacterium,Photor-habdusluminescens.(J.Clark)EncapsulatedSteinernemaglaseri(格氏斯氏线虫)shortlyafterpenetratingthroughthegutwallofthehousecricket.(Y.Wang)ncapsulatedSteinernemaglaseri(格氏斯氏线虫)shortlyafterpenetratingthroughthegutwallofthehousecricket.(Y.Wang)EncapsulatedSteinernemafeltiae(=bibionis)(斯氏属芜菁夜蛾线虫)juveniledissectedfromTipula(大蚊)obracea.(D.Gouge)Steinernemafeltiae(=bibionis)mating.(D.Gouge)Spodopteraexigua(非洲贪夜蛾)pupadissectedtoshowSteinernemacarpocapsae(小卷蛾斯氏线虫)juveniles.(A.Hara