北大普心张智勇ppt-情绪、压力及应对

Chapter11Emotion,Stress,andCopingZhangZhiyongDepartmentofPsychologyPekingUniversity你在闹情绪吗？心境如何？你的情绪深而不露？还是溢于言表？你有什么烦恼或者高兴的事情？心情郁闷有什么不好的后果？如何保持良好的心情？DefinitionEmotion,oraffect,isanevaluativeresponse(apositiveornegativefeeling)thattypicallyincludessomecombinationofphysiologicalarousal,subjectiveexperience,andbehavioraloremotionalexpression.OutlinesEmotionStressCopingSomeConcludingThoughts1EmotionPhysiologicalComponentsSubjectiveExperienceEmotionalExpressionATaxonomyofEmotionsPerspectivesonEmotionADifferentPerspective:IntegratingthePerspectivesonEmotion1.1PhysiologicalComponentsWilliamJames(1884)•theperipheraltheoryCarlLange(1885)•James-LangetheoryCannon(1927)andBard(1934)•TwocriticismstoJames-Langetheory–Tooslow–Notspecific•Cannon-Bardtheory害怕James-LangeTheory害怕Cannon-BardTheoryTheneuro-psychologyofemotionEmotionlocatedintheheart,faceortheperipheralnervoussystem?DistributedthroughoutthenervoussystemThreeareasofthebrainofspecialimportance:Hypothalamus,Limbicsystem,cortex•ThePapezcircuit:thalamus,hypothalamus,cortex,limbicsystem,•Amygdala,thebrainemotionalcomputerTwocircuitsoftheemotionalreactionTheroleofthecortexwithrespecttoemotion1.2SubjectiveExperiencehappy,angry,sad,andElatedIndividualdifferenceintheintensityofemotionalstates•Personalitydisorders/PsychologicaldisorderAcknowledgingandexaminingone’sfeelingscanhaveapositiveimpactonhealth.(Berry&Pennebaker,1993;Pennebakeretal,1990)1.3EmotionalExpressionTheovertbehavioralsignsofemotionVariousways:facialexpressions,posture,gestures,andtoneofvoice.Creatingfearintheface1.3.1FacialExpressionandEmotionTomkins(1962):thefaceistheprimarycenterofemotionTherelationshipbetweenemotionandfacialmusclemovementsisuniformenoughacrossindividualsandcultures.(Ekman,1971)Facialexpressionsnotonlyindicateapersonemotionalstate,buttheyalsoinfluenceitsphysiologicalandsubjectivecomponents.(Ekman,1992)1.3.2CultureandEmotionalDisplayRulesSomefacialexpressionsareuniversallyrecognized(Ekman,1971;Ekman&Oster,1979)•Ekman&Oster(1979):surprise,fear,anger,disgust,happiness,andsadness.•Izard(1977):shameandinterest.Displayrules:expressinanappropriatewaywithintheircultureorsubculture.•Stephanetal(1996):CostaRica&USonPE,NEexpressing•Ekman(1977):Japanese&NorthAmericans,awareorunawareofbeingobserved.•Cool1.3.3GenderandEmotionalExpressionWomanprobablyexperienceemotionmoreintensely,arebetterabletoreademotionsfromotherpeoplefacesandnonverbalcues,andexpressemotionmoreintenselyandopenlythanmen.Childrenasyoungas3yrsoldrecognizethatfemalesaremorelikelytoexpressfear,sadness,andhappiness,andmales,anger.Thepossiblereason:genderroles1.4ATaxonomyofEmotionsBasicEmotionsPositiveaffect/NegativeaffectBasicEmotionsCriterion:(Izard&Buechler,1980)•Anemotionisbasicifithascharacteristicphysiological,subjective,andexpressivecomponents.Anger,fear,happiness,sadness,anddisgustSurprise,contempt,interest,shame,guilt,joy,trust,andanticipation.Positiveaffect/NegativeaffectTwofactorsunderliepeopleself-reportedemotions.(Watson&Clark,1992;Watson&Tellegen,1985)Approach-oriented/Avoidance-orientedsystemdrivenbypositive/negativeaffectThetendencyappearstosomedegreeheritable(N/P,0.40/0.55)Onefinalsolution(Fischeretal.,1990)AnemotionhierarchyEmotionPositiveNegativeLoveJoyAngerSadnessFearFondnessInfatuationBlissPrideJealousyAnnoyanceTheEmotionWheel(Plutchik,1984)接受恐惧惊奇忧伤厌恶愤怒期待喜悦爱敬畏怜悯进取乐观鄙视谦恭失望1.5PerspectivesonEmotionPsychodynamicPerspectivesonEmotionCognitivePerspectivesonEmotionTheEvolutionaryPerspectiveBehavioristPerspectivePsychodynamicPerspectivesonEmotionBeingunconsciousofoneownemotionalexperienceMoray(1969)•Neutralwords--conditionedfear-inducingwords•WordsinUnattendedchannelUnconsciousemotionalprocessescaninfluencethought,behavior,andevenhealth•Peopleregularlydeludethemselvesabouttheirownabilitiesandpersonalityattributesasawayofavoidingunpleasantemotion.•Shedleretal(1993):suchdefensiveself-deceptionaboutemotionstakesitstollphysiologically.CognitivePerspectivesonEmotionInterpretationandEmotion•Schachter-Singertheory(1962):notsimplythesubjectiveawarenessofarousal•CriticismEmotion-inducingstimulusPhysiologicalarousalCognitiveinterpretationofarousalEmotionCognitivePerspectivesonEmotionCognitionandAppraisal•Peopleemotionsreflecttheirjudgmentsandappraisalsofthesituationsorstimuli(Lazarus)•FindingadoctornegligentorincompetentZajonc(1980):mereexposureeffectTheInfluenceofEmotionandMoodonCognitionCognitivePerspectivesonEmotionTheInfluenceofEmotionandMoodonCognition•Mood:relativelyextendedemotionalstatesthattypicallydonotshiftattention•Affectsonmemory,thinking(judgments,inferences,orpredictions)–Moodandautobiographicalmemory(72Vs52%)–DepressedpersonTheEvolutionaryPerspectiveEmotionserveanadaptivepurposeCommunicativefunctionApowerfulsourceofmotivation(movere)Whypeoplebecomejealousinintimate?•Female:emotionalcommitment•Male:sexualaccess•Bussetal(1992):study1,2,3TheBehavioristPerspectiveConditionedemotionReinforcedemotionalbehavior2StressAchallengetoaperson’scapacitytoadapttoinnerand