-1-第二部分题型应对策略|精通四种题型解题技巧,有的放矢多拿分第一讲理解文中具体信息——细节理解题细节理解题是高考英语阅读理解中非常重要的一种题型。细节理解题题干针对原文的具体叙述进行提问,主要考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节、文章的主要事实或文中个别词句的理解能力,一般包括查找信息题、数字计算题等。高考全国卷细节理解题题量统计考纲解读年份卷别201920182017(1)文章细节对于理解全文内容来说至关重要,同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。(2)命题人员会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章,以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。(3)这类试题有时比较直接,理解字面意思即可答题;有时则较为间接,需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右。全国卷Ⅰ677全国卷Ⅱ1095全国卷Ⅲ1096【考查特点】Ⅰ.把握细节理解题常见的命题方式:(1)特殊疑问句形式:以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑问词开头引出的问题。(2)填空题形式:通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节。(3)就文中数字、排序等提问。Ⅱ.掌握细节细解题的考查角度:(1)高频考点:直接信息题;综合细节题。(2)低频考点:数字计算题;正误判断题;细节排序题。[考向1]直接细节题——精准定位判细节直接细节题即事实认定类细节题,该题型在原文中可直接找到答案,不要求考生对事实做出解释或者判断,只需要从阅读材料中直接获取信息(有时需要跨段落查找细节信息)。正确选项和原文在表述上没有太大的变化。常见的设问方式:-2-◆Whichactivitywillyouchooseif...?◆Whatwillyou/thestudentsdoonTuesday/ontheCapitalCityBikeTour?◆WhencanyouseeaplayinHebrew?◆WherecanyoubuyasouveniratPacificScienceCenter?◆Atwhichplacecanpeopleofdifferentagesenjoyagoodlaugh?◆WhowillgivethetalkontheislandsintheThames?[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·A片段)JobsforYouthIfyouareateenagerlivingincertainpartsoftheprovince,youcouldbeeligible(符合条件)forthisprogram,whichprovideseightweeksofpaidemploymentalongwithtraining.Whoiseligible:Youth15-18yearsoldinselectcommunities(社区).SummerCompanySummerCompanyprovidesstudentswithhandsonbusinesstrainingandawardsofupto$3,000tostartandruntheirownsummerbusinesses.Whoiseligible:Studentsaged15-29,returningtoschoolinthefall.21.WhatisspecialaboutSummerCompany?A.Itrequiresnotrainingbeforeemployment.B.Itprovidesawardsforrunningnewbusinesses.C.Itallowsonetoworkinthenaturalenvironment.D.Itoffersmoresummerjobopportunities.[解题思路]第一步确定题干中的关键词SummerCompany第二步根据关键词定位信息句SummerCompanyprovidesstudentswithhandsonbusinesstrainingandawardsofupto$3,000tostartandruntheirownsummerbusinesses.第三步比对选项确定答案SummerCompany的特别之处在于“它为经营新业务提供奖励”。自主解答:B第一步看题目,从题干中提取关键信息。第二步采取速读技巧快速定位原文信息,仔细比对选项和文中细节,进而确定答案。[考向2]综合细节题——推理归纳定选项-3-综合细节题要求考生在原文中找到有关的信息,但同时需要将选项信息与原文句子进行语义上的转换,例如使用同义词、近义词或反义词表达相同的意思,这需要考生综合考虑,把握出题人的考查意图。常见的设问方式:◆Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes...?◆Whywas...asuccess?◆Howdoesthewriterrecommend...toreaders?[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ·C片段)“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,”shesaid.29.WhydoesBechtelprefertogooutforlunch?A.Tomeetwithhercoworkers.B.Tocatchupwithherwork.C.Tohavesometimeonherown.D.Tocollectdataforherreport.[解题思路]第一步确定题干中的关键词prefertogoout,lunch第二步根据关键词定位信息句用prefertogoout和lunch寻读,可以定位在第三段,在第三段找到Ijustwantedsometimetomyself.第三步比对选项确定答案根据信息句可知,Bechtel更喜欢出去吃午饭的原因是想拥有自己的时间。自主解答:C第一步看题目,从题干中提取关键信息。第二步采取速读技巧寻找原文信息,将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,将确定的文章信息进行加工处理,进行进一步的辨别,进而确定答案。[考向3]数字计算题——“加减乘除”巧破解数字计算题要求考生在原文中找到相关的数字信息,再对相关的数字和信息进行分析和理解,利用加、减、乘、除等运算方法进行计算,确定答案。-4-常见的设问方式:◆Howmuchshouldacouplewithakidpayavisit...?◆Howlongdoes...last?◆Howmuchmaytheypay...?[典例](2018·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800.B.About3,400.C.About2,400.D.About1,200.[解题思路]第一步确定题干中的关键词lessthan6,000peopleatpresent第二步根据关键词定位信息句Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.及Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.第三步整合推算运用数学公式计算由原文信息句可知,目前全球不同语言使用人数的中位数仅是6000,这就意味着世界上有一半语言的使用人数不到6000;结合Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.可知,目前大约3400种语言的使用人数不到6000。自主解答:B第一步仔细分析题干,抓牢关键信息。第二步从文章中找出包含该信息的段落,运用数学公式计算。对于离散的数字计算题,需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据,然后再进行分析整合。(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—to-5-keepothersoutofprivateespaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalowcostdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn’trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen’talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusing