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-1-SectionⅡDiscoveringUsefulStructuresGrammar——定语从句(Ⅰ)[新知导引]诵读下列例句并感知画线部分的共性1．Thereweredeepcracksthat/whichappearedinthewellwalls.2．Twothirdsofthepeoplewholivedthereweredeadorinjured.3．Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorbadlyinjuredinthequakewasmorethan400,000.4．Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150,000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.5．Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.6．AdoctorwithwhomJamesusedtoworkdiedinthe2016earthquakeinEcuador.7．Theboywhosefatherisateacherisanewclassmateofmine.8.Chinaisacountrythat/whichhasalonghistory.[共性呈现]1．第2、3、4句中的定语从句使用了关系代词who，在定语从句中作主语。2．第1、8句中的定语从句使用了关系代词which/that，在定语从句中作主语。3．第6句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whom，在定语从句中作宾语。关系代词who/whom常用来指代人；关系代词that/which常用来指代物；关系代词that既可以指人也可以指物。4．第5、7句中的定语从句使用了关系代词whose，在定语从句中作定语，它既可以指人也可以指物。[语法精释]who(whom)，which，that，whose引导的定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫作定语从句。从句修饰的名词或代词叫作先行词，连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种，关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有wh-2-en，where，why。一、关系代词的基本用法1．who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。Themanwhoistalkingwithmyfatherisateacher.正在和我父亲说话的那个人是个教师。Thegirl(who)Imetyesterdayishissister.我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。2．whom指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略，不能作主语。Theboy(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesistheirmonitor.老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。注意：(1)关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替。Theboy(who/whom/that)wesawyesterdayisJohn'sbrother.昨天我们看到的那个男孩是约翰的哥哥。(2)在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后时，用whom，不用who。Heisamanfromwhomweareallreadytolearn.他是我们大家都愿意向他学习的人。[即学即练1]关系代词填空(1)Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?(2)Thosewhowanttoseethefilmsetdownyournames,please.(3)Thisisthepersonwho/whomyoushouldthankforhelpingyourson.3．which只指物，不指人，可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。Guilinisacitywhichhasahistoryof2,000years.桂林是一个有2000年历史的城市。Theyoungmanwasveryhappytogetbackthegoldring(which)hehadlostonthetrain.那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。4．whose既可指人，也可指物。其后接名词，与先行词构成从属关系，在从句中作定语。Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。Nobodywantsthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。5．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。Thewoman(that)Ireadaboutinthenewspaperhasjustwonagoldmedal.我-3-在报纸上读过那位妇女的相关报道，她刚刚夺得一枚金牌。Thereport(that)Mr.Turnerhandedinwasaboutthemotorrace.特纳先生递交的报告是关于摩托车比赛的。[即学即练2]关系代词填空(1)Look,herearesomepeoplewho/whom/thatIwantyoutomeet.(2)Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarmthat/whichwevisitedthreemonthsago?(3)Anystudentwhosefamilyistoopoortogotoschoolcangethelpfromthegovernment.二、用that不用which的情况。1．当先行词为all，everything，nothing，anythinglittle，much等不定代词或先行词被这些词修饰时。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.一切能做的都已经做了。2．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。ThisisthemostdeliciousfoodthatIhaveeverhad.这是我吃过的最美味的食物。3．当先行词被theonly，thevery，thelast修饰时。Chattingwastheonlythingthatinterestedhermost.聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。4．当先行词既指人，又指物时。Shetookphotographsofthethingsandpeoplethatshewasinterestedin.她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。5．当主语是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为避免重复而用that。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？6．当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.上海已不是过去那个样子了。[即学即练3]完成句子(1)这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。Thisisthemostbeautifulparkthat_I_have_visited.(2)我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。Weoftentalkaboutthepersonsandthingsthat_we_remember.-4-(3)我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。Ihavefoundtheverypenthat_I_lost_yesterday.三、用which不用that的情况1．在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时。Thisistheroominwhichhelives.这是他住的房间。2．引导非限制性定语从句时。Tomcameback,whichmadeusveryhappy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。3．在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中前一句的关系代词是that，那么后一句的关系代词就要用which。LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopen.我给你看这本从新开的图书馆里借来的小说。[即学即练4]用关系代词填空(1)ThehouseinwhichIusedtolivehasbecomeashoeshop.(2)Haveyoueverreadthebook,whichwaswrittenbyayounggirl?四、使用定语从句的注意事项1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。“oneof＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用复数形式；“theonlyoneof＋复数名词”作先行词，谓语动词用单数形式。ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyCharlesDickens.这是查理斯·狄更斯所写的书中的其中一本。HeistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswhohaslearnedFrench.他是我们班里唯一一个学过法语的男孩。注意：which引导非限制性定语从句时，往往代表前面所说的整个情况。这时which被看作单数，其后的谓语动词应用单数形式。HesaidhewasaFrenchman,whichwasnottrue.他说他是一个法国人，这不是真的。2．为避免关系词的重复，被关系代词所代替的成分不可在从句中重复出现。ThisisthefactorywhichwevisitedlastSunday.(visited后不可加it)这就是我们上星期天参观过的工厂。3．关系代词的省略。(1)关系代词作主语时不能省略。-5-(2)作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词宾语的关系代词，如果不直接位于介词后，可省略，如果直接作介词的宾语，不能省略。(3)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。[即学即练5]单句语法填空(1)Allthatcanbedone_has(have)beendone.(2)Thestudentyoushouldlearnfromistheonewhoworkshardandstudieshard.(3)HeisoneofthestudentswhoknowSpanish.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Heistheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.2．ThisdictionaryisthesecondonethatIboughtinthebookstore.3．Thisisthegirlwho/whomheworkswithintheoffice.4．Hisparentswouldn'tmarryhertoanyonewhosefamilywaspoor.5．Theytalkedabouttheirclassmatesandthingsthattheystillrememberedinmiddleschool.6．Finallythethiefhandedineverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.7．Anyonewhohashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.8．Thefirstthingthathedidafterarrivinghomewasdoinghishomework.9．Thenumberofpeoplethat/who_cometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.10．Thisistheroomwhich/thatmygrandmausedtolivein.11．Theboywho/thatbrokethewindowiscalledTom.12．Thepicturewhich/thatwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.13．Thechildrenwho/thatwer