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-1-SectionⅢGrammar——限制性定语从句语境自主领悟先观察原句后自主感悟1.AncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother.2.Butitwasalsoatimewhenthereweremanygreatphilosophers.3.Confuciusisthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest.4.Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.5.Moziwasanotherteacherwhowasveryinfluential.6.Asaresult，hespentmanyyearstryingtofindastatewherepeoplewouldfollowhisteachings.1.3、5句中黑体部分的引导词是关系代词，分别在定语从句中充当定语、主语。2.1、2、4、6句中黑体部分的引导词是关系副词，分别在定语从句中充当地点、时间、原因、地点状语。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面，由关系代词或关系副词引出。根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句为先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语从句，若去掉，被修饰的主句的内容就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间用逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如果省去，意思仍然完整。一、关系代词的用法关系代词指代在从句中充当的成分人物句子主语宾语表语定语状语who√√√whom√√that√√√√√√which√√√√√-2-whose√√√as√√√√√√1.that和which的用法which指物，that既可指人也可指物；它们在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，which和that在从句中作宾语时可以省略。Pleasefindaroomwhich/thatisbigenoughforallofustolivein.请找一间足够住下我们所有人的房间。Thisisthehouse(which/that)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。Theman(that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.我们刚刚看到的那个人是一位著名的作家。Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。Ihatetheway(that)shealwayscriticizesme.我讨厌她一贯批评我的方式。[名师点津]只能用that而不用which的情况先行词是all，little，few，none，anything，something，everything，nothing等词时当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时当先行词被theonly，thevery，thesame，theright等修饰时当先行词既有人又有物时只用which的情况关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用thatHeistheverypersonthattheyarelookingfor.他正是他们在找的人。Theytalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.他们谈论着他们能记起的学校的那些事和人。Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillsuponwhichschooleducationdepends.一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。2．who和whom的用法who和whom指人，who在从句中可作主语和宾语，whom在从句中作宾语。Heistheman(who/whom)Isawyesterday.他就是我昨天见到的那个人。-3-Happinessandsuccessoftencometothosewhoaregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths.快乐和成功经常会眷顾那些善于欣赏自己优点的人。3．whose的用法whose既可指人也可指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语。“whose＋名词”可以转化为“the＋名词＋ofwhich/whom”和“ofwhich/whom＋the＋名词”的形式。Ilivenextdoortoacouplewhosechildren(＝thechildrenofwhom)oftenmakealotofnoise.我隔壁住着一对夫妻，他们的孩子经常制造很多噪音。Pleasepassmethebookwhosecover(＝thecoverofwhich)isgreen.请递给我那本绿色封面的书。4．as的用法as引导限制性定语从句仅限于先行词前面有such，thesame等修饰时，as既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等。Sheissuchanicegirlaswealllike.她是一个我们大家都喜欢的好女孩。Sheissuchanicegirlthatwealllikeher.她是一个如此好的女孩以至于我们都很喜欢她。Iboughtthesamedictionaryasyouborrowed.我买了一本和你借的一样的词典。(同一类的两本词典)ImetthesamepersonthatIsawyesterday.我遇见了昨天我看到的那个人。(同一个人)[即时演练1]单句语法填空①We'llreachthesalestargetsinamonthwhich/thatwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.②Theprofessorwho/that/whomyouwishtoseehasgoneabroad.③Thisisthewomanscientistwhoseresearchisknownaroundtheworld.二、关系副词的用法关系副词指代先行词在从句中充当的成分when(＝介词＋which)时间时间名词时间状语where(＝介词＋which)地点地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等)地点状语why(＝for＋which)原因reason原因状语-4-Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent.作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望他能独立的时候。Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmospherewherehisemployeesenjoytheirwork.公司老板正在尽力营造一个员工们可以在其中快乐工作的轻松氛围。Thisisthehousewheretheylivedaweekago.这是一个星期前他们住过的房子。[名师点津]当先行词是时间名词、地点名词或thereason时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语，关系词应用which或that，缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where。Istillremembertheday(which/that)wespenttogetherinthecity.我仍然记得我们一起在那座城市度过的那一天。[即时演练2]单句语法填空①Sheremembersthedayswhenshewasagirl.②Thereareseveralreasonswhywecan'tdothat.③Manycountriesarenowsettingupnationalparkswhereanimalsandplantscanbeprotected.三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只用whom(指人)或which(指物)，不可用that。Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？Inthedarkstreet，therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。Thisistheworkerwithwhommybrotherhasworkedfortenyears.这就是和我哥哥一起工作了十年的那位工人。[名师点津]在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，确定介词的原则是：一先、二动、三意义。一先，即根据先行词确定介词；二动，即根据从句谓语动词来确定介词；三意义，即根据从句的意义来确定介词。[即时演练3]单句语法填空①Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows，mostofwhichhadn'tbeencleanedforatleastayear.-5-②Thenewlybuiltcafe，thewallsofwhicharepaintedlightgreen，isreallyapeacefulplaceforus，speciallyafterhardwork.③ThisistheteacherfromwhomI'velearntalot.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.2．Thehousefellandhurtawomanandherdogthatwerejustpassingby.3．Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestayingduringthesummervacation.4．PlatowasoneoftheGreekPhilosopherswhoseideashaveinfluencedWesternsociety.5．Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.6．Themanwithwhommyfatherisshakinghandsisapoliceman.7．By16：30，whichwasalmosttheclosingtime，nearlyallthepaintingshadbeensold.8．Acomputerissousefulamachineaswecanuseeverywhere.9．Weliveinanagewhenmoreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.10．Finallyhereachedalonelyislandwhich/thatwascompletelycutofffromtheoutsideworld.Ⅱ.单句改错1．Shespentthewholeeveningtalkingaboutthethingsandpersonswhichnoneofushaseverheardof.which→that2．Tibetissuchplacethatallthepeopleallovertheworldaredreamingofvisiting.that→as3．ThebookthatIborroweditfromthelibraryiswellwritten.去掉it4．ThestudentinthatalloftheteacherstookgreatpridewasadmittedintoBeijingUniversitylastyear.that→whom5．Wewillallrememberthedaywhenwespenttogether.when→that6．Theyrushedovertohelpth