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-1-SectionⅢGrammar——被动语态语境自主领悟先观察原句后自主感悟①BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtoacomputernetworkintheVRstudio.②Inonecase，ateenagerwhowasafraidoftalkingandplayingwithhisschoolmateswastreatedwithVR.③Toachievethis，specialVRheadsetsaredesignedtoallowtheuserstoseein3Dandhearthesoundallaroundthem.④Engineerscanenterthedesignofaneighbourhoodintoacomputer，andthenuseVRto“walk”aroundtheneighbourhood，seehowitlooksandmakechangesbeforeconstructioniscarriedout.⑤Besidesthis，VRcanbeusedtopractiseskillsinasecureenvironmentthatotherwisewouldbequitedangerous.⑥However，withVRweareabletodothingsthatcouldneverbeachievedinreallife.1.在被动语态的句子中主语是动作的承受者。2.在被动语态的句子中谓语的基本构成形式为：be＋及物动词的过去分词。3.在被动语态的句子中谓语可以有各种时态或含有情态动词。一、基本概念英语中动词有主动语态(ActiveVoice)和被动语态(PassiveVoice)之分。如果主语是动作或状态的发出者，动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作或状态的承受者，动词就用被动语态。OurEnglishteacherencouragedMary.我们英语老师鼓励了玛丽。MarywasencouragedbyourEnglishteacher.玛丽受到了我们英语老师的鼓励。上面第一句中的动词encouraged是主动语态；第二句中的动词wasencouraged是被动语态。二、被动语态的基本构成形式被动语态的基本结构是：“be/get＋及物动词的过去分词”。-2-被动语态的谓语动词有各种时态变化，以动词take为例，其常见时态的被动形式如下表：一般现在时am/is/aretaken一般过去时was/weretaken现在进行时am/is/arebeingtaken过去进行时was/werebeingtaken现在完成时have/hasbeentaken过去完成时hadbeentaken一般将来时will/shallbetaken过去将来时would/shouldbetakenThedisabledarerespectedinourcountry.残疾人在我们国家受到尊敬。Tom'slegswerebadlyinjuredinanaccidentlastyear.在去年的一次事故中，汤姆的双腿严重受伤。Apresentationwillbegivenonthenewproducts.将会有一场关于新产品的介绍会。Besides，manyseacreaturesarebeingwipedoutbyfishingboats.此外，大量的海洋生物正被捕捞船赶尽杀绝。TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthismachinewerebeingdiscussedwhenIwentintothemeetingroom.当我走进会议室的时候，这台机器的优缺点正在被讨论。Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.那个消息一到就会被传达给那个士兵的妈妈。Overtheyearsseveralsimilartheorieshavebeenputforward.几年来已经有好几个类似理论相继被提出。Buttooursurprise，thenextmorning，weweretoldthatthemoneyhadbeenstolen.但令我们吃惊的是，第二天早上，我们被告知那些钱被偷了。[即时训练1]用所给词的适当形式填空①Iwasgiven(give)anewbookonmylastbirthday.②Theroomhadbeencleaned(clean)beforewecame.③Thephysicslessonwillbetaught(teach)inthelabtomorrow.④Theflowersarebeingwatered(water)bythemnow.⑤Thegiantpandaisloved(love)bypeoplethroughouttheworld.⑥Wewon'tstarttheworkuntilallthepreparationshavebeenmade(make)．三、被动语态的特殊结构形式-3-1．情态动词(may，might，can，could，should，oughtto，must)＋be＋过去分词，构成被动语态。Nowadays，solarenergycanbeusedtoproduceelectricityinmanycountries.现在太阳能在许多国家可以被用来发电。Arealsenseofachievementandhappinessmaybefelt.一种真正的成就感和幸福感可以被感觉到。Thepollutionmustbestopped.必须停止污染。2．使役动词和感官动词的被动语态(1)在使役动词have，make，get以及感官动词see，watch，notice，hear，feel，observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加上to。get，leave，cause等使役动词的宾语补足语是带to的不定式，变为被动语态时该不定式不变。Myfathermademestayuplatetofinishmyhomework.(表示主动)Iwasmadetostayuplatetofinishmyhomeworkbymyfather.(表示被动)(2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.→Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.他妈妈送给他一份生日礼物。3．短语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉它后面搭配的介词或副词。Itissaidthatanewrailwaystationwillbesetupinmyhometown.据说一个新的火车站将在我的家乡建起来。Thebabyisbeingtakencareofbyhisgrandmother.这个婴儿正由他祖母照顾。Suchastrangestoryhasneverbeenheardof.这样奇怪的事情还从没有听说过。[即时训练2]句型转换(每空一词)①TeacherscanuseRealCineintheclassroom.→RealCinecanbeusedintheclassroombyteachers.②Youneedn'tdoitnow.→Itneedn'tbedone(byyou)now.③Ididn'tnoticeherentertheoffice.-4-→Shewasn'tnoticedtoentertheoffice.④Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.→Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.⑤Mysistergavemeabigcake.→Iwasgivenabigcakebymysister.⑥Weshouldmakegooduseofeverychance.→Everychanceshouldbemadegooduseof．四、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1．主动形式表示被动意义(1)当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等系动词后面接形容词/名词构成系表结构时；当cut，read，sell，wear,write，wash，cook，shut，dry，drink等表示某种属性且带有修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、运动”等意义时。Thefishsmellsgood.鱼闻起来很香。Thebookwrittenbythatfamouswritersellsverywell.那位著名作家写的书很畅销。(实际上是被卖得畅销)Cottonfeelssoft.棉花摸起来很柔软。Thesecupscleaneasily.这些杯子很容易洗。Themuseumdoesn'topenonMonday.博物馆星期一不开放。[名师点津]下面的短语经常使用主动语态：comeout，comeintobeing，gooff，runout，giveout，givein。(2)want，require，need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义(相当于不定式的被动形式)。Theseflowerswant/require/needwatering/tobewatered.这些花需要浇水。(3)“be＋adj.＋todo”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动含义。Heisn'teasytogetalongwith.他不容易相处。[即时训练3]翻译句子①我的房子需要修理了。-5-Myhouseneedsrepairing/toberepaired.②老年人需要细心照料。Theoldrequirelookingaftercarefully.③这个问题容易回答。Thisquestioniseasytoanswer.④这个包背起来很重。Thebagisveryheavytocarry.2．含被动语态的句型及其转换“Itis＋过去分词＋that从句”这一句型的常见形式有：Itisbelievedthat...人们相信……Itissaidthat...据说……Itishopedthat...人们希望……Itisthoughtthat...人们认为……Itisreportedthat...据报道……Itis(well)knownthat...众所周知……Itissupposed/consideredthat...人们认为……Itisagreedthat...人们一致同意……Itisjudgedthat...据判断……Itisprovedthat...据证实……Itisestimatedthat...据估计……Itisbelievedthathehasbeenworkinghard.大家相信他一直努力工作。Itisreportedthathehasbeendrivingwhiledrunk.据报道，他醉酒驾车。[名师点津]以上句式大多数可转换为Sb./Sth.issaid/believed/thought/reportedto...句型。Itissaidthatsheistherichestwomaninthecity.→Sheissaidtobetherichestwomaninthecity.据说她是这个城市里最富有的女人。[即时训练4]句型转换(每空一词)①Peoplesayyouarearealhero.→Youaresaidtobearealhero.→Itissaidthatyouarearealhero.②PeoplesaidEdisonhadinventedthefirstlight.-6-→Edisonwassaidtohaveinventedthefirstlight.→