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-1-SectionⅢGrammar——直接引语和间接引语语境自主领悟先观察原句后自主感悟①Hesaidtome，“Youarewrong.”→HetoldmethatIwaswrong.②“Areyouasoldier？”heasked.→Heaskedif/whetherIwasasoldier.③Heasked，“Whereareyougoingtogetoff，John？”→HeaskedJohnwherehewasgoingtogetoff.④“Makesurethedoorisclosed，”theteachersaidtome.→Theteachertoldmetomakesurethedoorwasclosed.⑤“Iwillcomeandseeyouagainthisevening，Tom，”shesaid.→ShetoldTomthatshewouldgoandseehimagainthatevening.⑥“Iwillcomehereagaintoday，”shesaid.→Shesaidthatshe'dgothereagainthatday.1.若直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，要用连词that来引导宾语从句；直接引语中的人称、时态等都要作相应的变化，如句①。2.若直接引语为一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词if或whether来引导宾语从句；同时，要将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序，如句②。3.若直接引语为特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，需用原来的疑问词来引导宾语从句；同时，要将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序，如句③。4.若直接引语为祈使句，变为间接引语时，需改用“动词＋宾语＋不定式”结构，其中的动词通常是表示“命令、建议、请求”的动词，如句④。5.直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词和动词要作相应变化，如句⑤。6.直接引语变间接引语时，地点状语和时间状语要作相应变化，如句⑥。一、基本概念引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号标出，叫作直接引语。用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号的叫作间接引语。直接引语变为间接引语时，需在时态形式、人称代词、指示代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语以及语序等方面作相应的变化。“Ilikesinging，”shesaid.(直接引语)-2-→Shesaidshelikedsinging.(间接引语)她说她喜欢唱歌。“Don'ttouchanything，”hesaid.(直接引语)→Hetoldusnottotouchanything.(间接引语)他告诉我们不要碰任何东西。二、直接引语变为间接引语时各种句式的转换1．引述陈述句时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常被省略。)，引述动词主要用say，tell，repeat，answer，reply，explain，announce，declare，think等。Hesaid，“Ilikeitverymuch.”→Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.他说他非常喜欢它。Hesaid，“I'veleftmybookinyourroom.”→Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinmyroom.他告诉我他把书忘在我房间里了。2．引述一般疑问句或附加疑问句时，通常用whether或if引导，而引述选择疑问句时，一般只能用whether引导，引述动词用asked，语序用陈述句语序。Shesaid，“DoyoulikewatchingtheadvertisementsonTV？”→Sheaskedmeif/whetherIlikedwatchingtheadvertisementsonTV.她问我是否喜欢看电视上的广告。Heasked，“Theyliveingroups，don'tthey？”→Heaskedwhether/iftheylivedingroups.他问他们是否是群居。Heasked，“Areyouateacherorastudent？”→HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacherorastudent.他问我是老师还是学生。[巧学助记]一般疑问句变间接引语“口诀”if/whether接引语，陈述语序莫忘记；人称、时态和状语，变化需用陈述句。[即时训练1]句型转换(每空一词)①Thedoctorsaid，“Youshouldeatmorevegetables.”→ThedoctortoldmethatIshouldeatmorevegetables.②Heasked，“Areyousureyourmotherwillcome？”→Heaskedmewhether/ifIwassuremymotherwouldcome.③Shesaid，“Youhaveseenthefilm，haven'tyou？”-3-→Sheaskedif/whetherIhadseenthefilm.3．引述特殊疑问句时，用原句中的疑问词作为间接引语的连接词，引述动词用ask(sb.)，语序用陈述句语序。“Wheredidyoufindtheadsforjobsabroad？”Billasked.→BillaskedwhereIhadfoundtheadsforjobsabroad.比尔问我是在哪儿找到有关到国外工作的广告的。“Whatareyoudoingnow？”Momasked.→MomaskedwhatIwasdoingthen.妈妈问我当时在做什么。[巧学助记]直接引语为疑问句时，将其变为间接引语要遵循“一改、二换、三变化、四连词”的原则。一改：指改变语序；二换：即换said为asked；三变化：指人称、时态、状语变化；四连词：即直接引语为一般疑问句时，间接引语中应用whether/if引导；直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原来的疑问词引导。4．引述祈使句通常用“动词＋宾语＋不定式”结构。如果祈使句为否定句，要在不定式的前面加上not。引述表示命令的祈使句，常用动词order，tell，warn；引述表示请求的祈使句常用动词ask，beg；引述表示建议、劝告的祈使句常用动词advise等。Hesaid，“Pleasecomehereagaintomorrow.”→Heaskedmetogothereagainthenextday.他让我第二天再到那儿去。Hesaid，“Dohavealookyourselffirst.”→Headvisedmetohavealookmyselffirst.他建议我自己先看一看。Hesaid，“Don'tmakesomuchnoise，boys.”→Hetoldtheboysnottomakesomuchnoise.他叫那些男孩不要弄出那么多的噪声。[巧学助记]祈使句变间接引语，遵循“一改、二变、三加、四去”原则：一改：said(to)改为asked或told；二变：saidto的宾语变成asked等的宾语；三加：即在动词原形前加to，使其成为动词不定式；-4-四去：去掉please。[即时训练2]句型转换(每空一词)①Heasked，“Whocuredyouofyourtoothache？”→Heaskedmewhohadcuredmeofmytoothache.②Heaskedme，“Whatdoyoudoonweekends？”→HeaskedmewhatIdidonweekends.③Theteachersaidtotheboy，“Openthedoor，please！”→Theteachertoldtheboytoopenthedoor.④Hisfathersaidtohim，“Don'tleavethewindowopenwhenyouareout.”→Hisfathertoldhimnottoleavethewindowopenwhenhewasout.三、直接引语变成间接引语时要特别注意几个变化1．人称的变化人称变化记忆口诀：“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”一随主：引号内的第一人称变间接引语后与主句主语的人称保持一致。Shesaid，“I'maseniorpartnerinalawfirm.”→Shesaidthatshewasaseniorpartnerinalawfirm.她说她是律师事务所的资深合伙人。二随宾：引号内的第二人称变间接引语后与主句宾语的人称保持一致。HesaidtoLily，“Youmustmakegooduseofthechance.”→HetoldLilythatshemustmakegooduseofthechance.他对莉莉说必须好好利用这次机会。第三人称不更新：引号内的第三人称在变间接引语后人称不变。Shesaidtome，“Theywanttopurchaseanewcar.”→Shetoldmethattheywantedtopurchaseanewcar.她对我说他们想买一辆新车。2．时态的变化直接引语为陈述句，变为间接引语时，如果引述动词为现在时形式，则间接引语中的动词时态形式不变。但是如果引述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态形式一般按下列规律变化：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时-5-一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时Theteachersaid，“YouaredoingOK.”→TheteachersaidthatweweredoingOK.老师说我们做得不错。Hesaid，“Ihavewrittenanovel.”→Hesaidthathehadwrittenanovel.他说他已经写完了一篇小说。[即时训练3]把下列句子变为间接引语，注意人称和时态变化①Hesaid，“Shewillcomeheretohavealongholiday.”→Hesaidthatshewouldgotheretohavealongholiday.②Hesaid，“Isawthefilmyesterday.”→Hesaidthathehadseenthefilmthedaybefore.③Shesaid，“Ihaveseenthefilm.Itisgood.”→Shesaidthatshehadseenthefilm，andthatitwasgood.④Petersaid，“I'mbusytoday.”→Petersaidthathewasbusythatday.3．指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化在直接引语中在间接引语中指示代词thisthatthesethose时间状语nowthentodaythatdaytonightthatnightthisweek/month，etc.thatweek/month，etc.yesterdaythedaybeforelastweek/month，etc.theweek/month，etc.beforetwoweeks/months，etc.agotwoweeks/months，etc.before-6-tomorrowthenextdaynextweek/month，etc.thenextweek/month，etc.地点状语herethere方向动词comegobringtake“Iwillcomeandhelpyoutomorrow，Mary，”shesaid.→ShetoldMarythatshewouldgoandhelpherthenextday.她告诉玛丽第二天她会去帮她。“I'llcomeandseeyouagainthisevening，Tom，”hesaid.→HetoldTom(that)hewouldgoandseehimagainthatevening.他告诉汤姆他那晚要再去看他。[即时训练4]将下列句子变为间接引语，注意指示代词、物主代词和时间状语的变化①Hesaid，“Iamlivingwithmycousin.”→Hesaidth