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1SectionⅢGrammar——动词ing形式(Ⅰ)语境自主领悟先观察原句后自主感悟1.Will,stillwatching,sawthecatbehavecuriously.2.Whenithadgonepasthecrossedtheroad,keepinghiseyesonthespotwherethecathadbeeninvestigating.3.Whilesittingbyapool,Ferdinandseesafrog.4.Beforeleavinghiskingdom,hecallshissontohim.5.Notknowingheraddress,Ican'twritetohertoexpressmygratitude.6.Havinglivedwiththegirlfor5years,weallknowherverywell.1.六个例句中动词ing形式的逻辑主语都是句子的主语。2.由句5可知，动词ing形式的否定式是在其前加not。3.在句3中，动词ing形式短语前用while，为了强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生；在句4中，动词ing形式短语前用before，为了强调在谓语动词的动作之前发生。4.由句6可知，动词ing形式的完成式为havingdone。一、动词ing形式作状语的基本用法动词ing形式作状语时可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随动作，作方式状语和伴随状语时可以变为并列分句，作其他状语时也可以变为相应的状语从句。它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中或句末，有时用逗号分开，有时不用。一般来说，作时间、原因、条件或让步状语时，通常位于句子的前部；作结果、方式或伴随状语时，通常位于句子的后部。状语类型例句时间Hearingthegoodnews,theywentwildwithjoy.(＝Whentheyheardthegoodnews,theywentwildwithjoy.)听到这个好消息，他们高兴得发了狂。原因Gettinguplate,hemissedtheearlytrain.(＝Becausehegotuplate,hemissedtheearlytrain.)由于起床晚了，他没有赶上早班火车。条件Turningtotheleft,youwillfindtheschool.2(＝Ifyouturntotheleft,youwillfindtheschool.)向左拐，你就会发现那所学校。让步KnowingwhereIlive,henevercomestoseeme.(＝AlthoughheknowswhereIlive,henevercomestoseeme.)尽管知道我住哪里，但他从来也没有来看我。结果Theboyfelloffhisbike,breakinghisleftarm.(＝Theboyfelloffhisbikesothathebrokehisleftarm.)男孩从他的自行车上摔了下来，弄折了他的左胳膊。方式Hecamerunningintotheroom.(＝Hecameandranintotheroom.)他跑进屋来。伴随Hesatatthetable,readingamagazine.(＝Hesatatthetableandreadamagazine.)他坐在桌子旁，读着一本杂志。[即时训练1]用动词ing形式改写下面的句子①Ifyoureadcarefully,you'lllearnsomethingnew.→Readingcarefully,you'lllearnsomethingnew.②Ashewasverytired,hecouldn'twalkanyfurther.→Beingverytired,hecouldn'twalkanyfurther.③Althoughheworkedashardashecould,hedidn'tpasstheexam.→Workingashardashecould,hedidn'tpasstheexam.二、动词ing形式的时态和语态1．在逻辑上，当动词ing形式表示的动作和句子谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生时用一般式；当动词ing形式表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词之前时用完成式。Seeingthestrangercomingtowardshim,littleTomranawayasfastashecould.看见陌生人朝他走来，小汤姆尽可能快地跑开了。(see和run几乎同时发生)HavingstudiedEnglishforthreeyears,hecouldreadbriefstoriesinEnglish.由于学习了三年英语，他能用英语读简单的故事。(study发生在read之前)2．在逻辑上，当句子的主语执行动词ing形式表示的动作时，动词ing形式用主动式；当句子的主语承受动词ing形式表示的动作时，动词ing形式用被动式。Helistenedtothetape,makingnotesnowandthen.他听着磁带，偶尔记笔记。(he执行make表示的动作)3Beingcalledbyastranger,herealizedwhathadhappened.由于一个陌生人打电话，他意识到出事了。(he承受call表示的动作)[即时训练2]用动词ing形式完成句子①Havingwrittenanimportantletter(写完一封重要的信后),Ilistenedtothemusicforawhile.②Beingwelltakencareof(受到了很好的照顾),sherecoveredquickly.三、动词ing形式作状语时需注意的几个问题1．动词ing形式作状语时，有时前面可用一个连词或介词，表示强调或出于表达需要。常用的词有：when,while,after,before,if,unless,though/although等。“从属连词＋动词ing形式”可以视为状语从句的省略。Don'ttalkwhilehavingdinner(＝whileyouarehavingdinner)．吃饭时不要说话。Thoughworkinghard(＝Thoughheworkedhard),hecouldn'tearnenoughmoneytopayoffhisdebt.尽管努力工作，他也不能挣到足够的钱还清债务。2．动词ing形式的否定形式是在其前加not或never。Shewaspuzzled,notknowingwhathadhappened.她迷惑了，不知道发生了什么。Nothavingtriedhisbest,hefailedintheexam.由于没有尽最大努力，他这次考试没通过。3．动词ing形式与不定式作结果状语时的比较动词ing形式作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。而不定式作结果状语则表示出乎意料的结果，且常与only连用。Heranalltheway,reachingtheschooloutofbreath.他跑了一路，到达学校时上气不接下气。YesterdayIwenttoseehim,onlytolearnthathehadgoneabroadtwodaysago.昨天我去看他，结果了解到他两天前已经去了国外。4．动词ing形式与独立主格结构作状语时的比较动词ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语要与主句的主语相一致，如果不一致，通常要在动词ing形式前加上它自己的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的动词ing形式被称为独立主格结构。Arrivingatthestation,hefoundthetrainhadleft.到达车站时，他发现火车已经开走了。(he是arriving的逻辑主语)4Shewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.她沿着小路走，其女儿跟在后面。(following的逻辑主语是herdaughter，而不是句子的主语she)5．有少数动词ing形式并不表示句子主语的动作，而是表示说话人的态度，被称作独立成分，它不受句子主语的限制。常见的有：generallyspeaking一般来说；judgingfrom/by根据……来判断；considering考虑到，鉴于；supposing假设等。Generallyspeaking,themoreyoupractise,themoreskillfullyyoucanwriteinEnglish.一般来说，你练习越多，用英语写作就越熟练。[即时训练3]用动词ing形式完成句子①Althoughworkinghardfrommorningtillnight(虽然从早到晚拼命干),hisfatherdidn'tgetenoughfood.②Notknowinghowtodealwith(不知道如何应对)thedifficultsituation,heturnedtohisteacherforhelp.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Whenleaving(leave)theairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.2．Havingspent(spend)nearlyallourmoney,wecouldn'taffordtostayatahotel.3．Judging(judge)fromhisexpression,hewasfrightenedofspiders.4．Ibuiltallmyhopesonhispromises,onlytofind(find)thathewasnotanhonestperson.5．Theguideleading(lead)theway,wehadnotroublegettingoutoftheforest.6．Beingtalked(talk)to,youshouldlookintotheeyesoftheperson.7．Havingbeenasked(ask)toworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.8．Thereisnogreaterpleasurethanlyingonmybackinthemiddleofthegrassland,staring(stare)atthenightsky.9．Hedidhishomeworkcarelessly,making(make)alotofmistakes.10．Making(make)animportantdecisionmoreonemotionthanonreason,youwillregretitsoonerorlater.Ⅱ.单句改错1．Heardthebadnews,shecouldn'thelpcrying.Heard→Hearing52．Notknowheraddress,wecan'tgetintouchwithher.know→knowing3．Itrainedheavily,causedseverefloodinthearea.caused→causing或caused前加and4．Seenfromhere,youwillgetawonderfulviewofthecity.Seen→Seeing5．Generallyspeak,facialexpressionsarehelpfulwaysofcommunicationaswell.speak→speaking6．Tastedgoodandsweet,thiskindofapplewassoonsoldoutinthemarket.Tasted→Tasting7.Orderingoveraweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriverightnow.Ordering→Ordered8．Takinggoodcareofourselvesanddon'tlet