1SectionⅢGrammar——复习被动语态和by+v.ing形式语境自主领悟先观察原句①RiceisalsogrowninmanyotherAsiancountries.②ResearcherswerebroughtinfromalloverChinatodevelopthenewsystem.③Theresearchwassupportedbythegovernment.④InPakistanricewillbegrowninmanypartsofthecountry.⑤ThenewhybridricehasbeendevelopedbytheYuanLongpingHightechAgriculturalCompanyofChina.⑥Theshopclosesat6:00pmeveryday.⑦Theappletastesgood.⑧Thenewproductbythecompanysellswell.⑨Openthedoorbywindingthehandle.⑩Peopleusuallygreeteachotherbyshakinghands.后自主感悟1.①句采用了一般现在时的被动语态,其构成形式为:am/is/are+done。2.②③句采用了一般过去时的被动语态,其构成形式为:was/were+done。3.④⑤句分别用了一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态。4.⑥⑦⑧句中谓语动词以主动形式表示被动意义。5.⑨⑩句中,by+v.ing形式表示通过……方式。1.各种时态的被动语态的构成被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者,只有及物动词才有被动语态,被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。(1)一般现在时被动语态的构成:am/is/are+doneBeforeyouleavethelab,makesuretheelectricityisturnedoffandthewindowsareshut.在你离开实验室之前,要确保电源被切断,窗户被关好。(2)一般过去时被动语态的构成:was/were+doneTheforeignguestsweregivenawarmwelcomebythechildren.孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。(3)一般将来时被动语态的构成:shall/will+be+done2MorespaceexplorationswillbemadeinthefuturebytheChinesepeople.中国人民在将来将进行更多的太空探索。(4)现在进行时被动语态的构成:am/is/are+being+doneTheyarelivingwiththeirparentsforthemomentbecausetheirownhouseisbeingrebuilt.他们现在暂时和父母一起居住,因为他们自己的房子正在重建。(5)过去进行时被动语态的构成:was/were+being+doneAfterschoolwewenttothereadingroomtodosomereading,onlytobetoldthatitwasbeingdecorated.放学后,我们去阅览室看书,结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。(6)现在完成时被动语态的构成:has/havebeen+doneLiHuahasbeenelectedmonitorofourclasstotaketheplaceofMaLi.李华已取代马丽,被选为我班班长。(7)过去完成时被动语态的构成:hadbeen+doneWhenwegotonthespotoftheaccident,weweretoldthattheinjuredhadbeensenttothenearesthospital.当我们到达事故现场时,我们被告知伤员已经被送往最近的医院。(8)将来完成时被动语态的构成:will/shall+havebeen+doneOnhernextbirthday,Annwillhavebeenmarriedfortwentyyears.到下一次过生日的时候,安结婚就要满二十年了。(9)含有情态动词的被动语态的构成:情态动词+be+doneTheboyfeelsveryhotontheforehead,sohemustbesenttohospitalatonce.这个男孩的额头摸起来很热,所以必须被立刻送往医院。[即时训练1]用所给词的被动语态填空①Moreefforts,asreported,willbemade(make)intheyearsaheadtoacceleratethesupplysidestructurereform.②—Didyouenjoytheparty?—Yes,weweretreated(treat)wellbyourhosts.③Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreementhasbeenreached(reach)sofarbythetwosides.2.使用被动语态时应注意的情况(1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(takeplace,breakout,cometrue,belongto,datefrom,happen等)。Afirebrokeoutinhishouseyesterday.昨天他家着火了。3(2)含有介词或副词的及物动词短语变为被动语态时,介词或副词不可省略(lookafter,lookfor,takecareof,putoff,breakinto等)。Thechildrenaretakengoodcareofinthekindergarten.孩子们在幼儿园里被照顾得很好。(3)带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词变被动语态时,一般把复合结构中的宾语变成主语,而把宾语补足语(在被动语态中叫作主语补足语)放在动词之后。Wealwayskeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptcleanandtidybyus.我们总是保持教室干净而且整洁。[名师点津]see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make等感官动词或使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带to,但这类动词(watch和notice除外)的主动语态变为被动语态时,不定式符号to必须加上。Agirlsawmywalletdropwhenshepassedby.→Mywalletwasseentodropbyagirlwhenshepassedby.一个姑娘路过时看到我的钱包掉了。[即时训练2]完成句子①这项比赛每四年在不同的国家举行一次。Thegametakesplaceeveryfouryearsinadifferentcountry.②我们在实验室做了许多有趣的实验。Manyinterestingexperimentsarecarriedoutinourlaboratory.③我们经常听到他弹吉他。Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.3.主动形式表示被动意义的用法(1)某些连系动词,如look,sound,smell,feel,taste,prove等,可用主动形式表示被动意义,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。Thatdoglooksdangerous.那只狗看起来很危险。(2)某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的及物动词,如:lock,shut,open,move,read,write,sell,wash,clean,catch,draw,cut,drink,eat等常用主动形式表示被动意义。这些词后常有副词修饰,如well,easily等。Theclothwasheswellandiscomfortabletowear.这种布很容易洗而且穿起来很舒服。(3)need,require,want,deserve等词,当主语为物时,接动名词的主动形式,表示4被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。Theflowersneedwateringortheywilldie.=Theflowersneedtobewateredortheywilldie.这些花需要浇水,否则它们会死。(4)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Thepicturebookiswellworthreading.这本图画书很值得一读。(5)在“主语+be+形容词(+forsb.)+todo”结构中,句子的主语与构成不定式的动词存在逻辑上的动宾关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,interesting,strange,impossible,comfortable,dangerous等。Thisarticleisdifficulttoread.Ineedsomeonetoexplainittome.这篇文章很难读懂。我需要一个人给我解释一下。(6)不定式作定语修饰名词,与前面的名词有动宾关系,且句中有不定式的逻辑主语时,用动词不定式主动形式表示被动意义。Ihavealotofhomeworktodothisafternoon.今天下午我有很多的家庭作业要做。Pleasegivemesomethingtoeat.请给我些东西吃。(7)某些动词不定式如toblame,tolet等,作表语时用主动形式表示被动意义。Theboywastoblameforwhathehaddone.这个男孩为他的所作所为受到了批评(责备)。[即时训练3]用所给词的适当形式填空①AMidsummerNight'sDreamopens(open)attheTheatreRoyalon19thJune,andthentoursthroughoutScotland.②Asaresultoftheseriousflood,twothirdsofthebuildingsintheareaneedrepairing(repair).③Thestoneisheavyfortheboytolift(lift).4.by+v.ing形式(1)by+v.ing形式,表示以某种方式来达到某种目的Hepassedtheexambyworkinghard.通过努力学习,他通过了考试。(2)by表示“方式”的其他用法①by+交通工具,如:bycar/bus/bike/plane等。5Igotoschoolbybikeeveryday.我每天骑自行车去上学。②by+the+具体的时间或度量名词,如bytheday/hour/year/kilo/metre/dozen(按打)等。Heispaidbythehour.他按小时得到报酬。[即时训练4]用bydoing形式改写下列句子①Youcanreachthereifyoutakeabus.→Youcanreachtherebytakingabus.②Studentslearnthingswhentheydoexercisesafterschool.→Studentslearnthingsbydoingexercisesafterschool.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.Hehopedthathewouldbegiven(give)amoresuitablejob.2.Iftheagreementisreached(reach),thewarwillcometoanendsoon.3.Oh,themilktastes(taste)strange.Doyouthinkit'sOKtodrink?4.Don'tloseheart!Theproblemcanbeprevented(prevent)fromgettingworse.5.Whatwasgiven(give)tothevillageschoolasapresentlastmonth?6.Shakespeare'splayHamleth