-1-SectionⅢGrammar——过去分词作状语和短语动词语境自主领悟先观察原句后自主感悟①Seenfromabove,theoldtownisamazeofcanals,littlebridgesandtinycobbledstreetsthattouristsgetlostin.②Notinvited,hebecameverydisappointed.③Completelyrebuilt,thetownwouldnotbesointeresting.④Beatenbytheoppositeteam,wedidn'tloseheartandencouragedeachother.⑤AuntWucamein,followedbyherdaughter.⑥Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.⑦Canyoutrytogetthemtobringdowntheprice?⑧LincolnsaidthatitwasnotrightforthesouthtobreakawayfromtheUnion.1.句①~⑤中黑体部分均在句中作状语,分别表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随。2.根据句②可知,过去分词作状语时,其否定形式通常是在分词前加not。3.句⑥~⑧的黑体部分是短语动词,分别由动词+介词、动词+副词、动词+副词+介词构成。一、过去分词(短语)作状语1.定义及物动词的过去分词作状语,表示被动和完成的意义,功能上相当于一个表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等的状语从句,其逻辑主语一般与句子主语一致。(1)过去分词作时间状语时,可转换为when,while,after或before引导的时间状语从句。Asked(=Whenshewasasked)herfutureplans,thegirlsaidthatshewantedtobeateacher.当问到未来的计划时,这个女孩说她想成为一名教师。(2)过去分词作原因状语时,可转换为as,since,because等引导的原因状语从句。-2-Frightened(=Because/Asshewasfrightened)bythetiger,thegirldidn'tdaretosleepalone.因为被老虎吓着了,这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。(3)过去分词作条件状语时,可转换为if,unless或once等引导的条件状语从句。Grown(=Iftheseseedsaregrown)inrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。Given(=Ifweweregiven)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.如果给我们更多时间的话,我们可以做得更好。[名师点津]此句中的given在许多语法书中作为介词处理。(4)过去分词作让步状语时,可转换为although,though或evenif等引导的让步状语从句。Left(=Althoughhewasleft)athome,Johndidn'tfeelafraidatall.虽然John被单独留在家里,(但是)他一点都不害怕。(5)过去分词作状语表示伴随、方式或状态时,不能转换为状语从句,但是可转换为并列谓语或并列分句。Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,followed(=andhewasfollowed)byagroupofstudents.老师进入教室,后面跟着一群学生。(6)作方式状语,如有连词asif,就转换为asif引导的方式状语从句;也可以转换为并列结构。Hebegantocryasifbittenbyasnake.=Hebegantocryasifhewasbittenbyasnake.他大叫起来,好像被蛇咬了。(7)过去分词作结果状语(相当于结果状语从句)。Hefailedinthecompetition,blamedbyhiscompanions.=Hefailedinthecompetition,sothathewasblamedbyhiscompanions.他在比赛中失败了,受到了同伴的责备。[名师点津]过去分词(短语)作时间、条件或让步状语时,为了明确其意义,有时可在过去分词(短语)前加上when,while,if,once,unless,although等连词,即我们通常所说的状语从句的省略。Ifmerelydrawnonyourimagination,thereportwillnotbeconvincing.假如仅靠你的想象去描绘,报告是不会有说服力的。-3-Once(itis)seen,itwillnotbeforgotten.只要看见了就不会忘记它。[即时演练1]句型转换①Becauseshewasborninapoorfamily,Nadiahadonlytwoyearsofschooling.→Borninapoorfamily,Nadiahadonlytwoyearsofschooling.②Thoughheisencouragedbyhisparents,hestillhasnoconfidenceinovercomingthedifficulties.→Encouragedbyhisparents,hestillhasnoconfidenceinovercomingthedifficulties.2.过去分词作状语需注意的几个问题(1)过去分词、现在分词和不定式作状语的区别:一般说来,过去分词作状语,和句子主语是被动关系;现在分词作状语,和句子主语是主动关系;不定式作状语,一般表示目的。请比较:Seenfromthetopofthetower,ourcitylooksmorebeautiful.从塔顶上看,这座城市更漂亮。(主语thecity和see之间是被动关系)Seeingfromthetopofthetower,wecangetawonderfulviewofourcity.从塔顶我们可以饱览城市的美景。(主语we和see之间是主动关系)Togetawonderfulviewofourcity,weclimbedtothetopofthetower.为了饱览城市的美景,我们爬上了塔顶。(不定式表示目的)(2)过去分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致,请体会下列例句:①Askedwhyshewaslate,herfacewentred.(×)②Askedwhyshewaslate,shewentredintheface.(√)①Ifcaught,thepolicewillpunishthethief.(×)②Ifcaught,thethiefwillbepunishedbythepolice.(√)(3)有些分词已成为固定结构,当使用时应按固定结构对待,不必考虑它们与主语的关系。常见的有以下几种:judgingby/from...“根据……判断;由……断定”;generally/honestly/franklyspeaking“一般/老实/坦率说来”;provided(that)...(=providingthat...)“假如……;在……条件下”;considering(that)...“考虑到……”;supposing(that)...“如果……”Judgingby/fromhisaccent,hemustbefromtheSouth.从他的口音判断,他一定是南方人。Iwillagreetogoprovided/providingthatyougowithme.假如你陪我一起去,我就同意去。(4)独立主格结构-4-分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致。但当分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时,分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语,这种主语常常是名词或代词,置于动词ing形式或动词ed形式之前。这种“名词/代词+动词ing/动词ed”结构在语法上被称为独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与动词ing/动词ed形式所表示动作的逻辑关系,如果它们之间表示主动或动作正在进行,选择现在分词;如果它们之间表示被动或完成,选择过去分词。Springcomingon,thetreesturnedgreen.春天来了,树变绿了。Thequestionsettled,theyfeltreleased.问题解决了,他们感觉轻松了。[即时演练2]用所给动词的适当形式填空①Compared(compare)withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.②Whenfirstintroduced(introduce)tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.③Havingfinishedtheinterview,themanagerwenttohisoffice,followed(follow)bytheinterviewer.二、短语动词1.动词+副词该类短语动词有的只可用作及物动词,有的只可用作不及物动词,有的既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。Hebroughtuphischildrenstrictly.他严格教育孩子们。(及物)Somethingunexpectedhasturnedup.出现了令人意外的情况。(不及物)Thebarrelofgunpowderblewup.火药桶爆炸了。(不及物)Thesoldiersblewupthebridge.士兵们把桥炸毁了。(及物)[名师点津]在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置:宾语是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。宾语是代词,只能置于动词和副词之间。2.动词+介词动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面。-5-Idon'tmuchcarefortelevision.我不太喜欢看电视。(carefor=like)Hehasbeenaskedtoaccountforhisabsence.他已被要求说明缺席的原因。Heisamantobedependedon.他是个靠得住的人。3.动词+副词+介词在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后。Wemustworkhardtomakeupforthelosttime.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。Therearesomethingsthatteacherswillnotputupwith.有些事情教师是不会容忍的。4.动词+名词+介词这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后。这类短语动词常可用于被动语态,并且有些可以有两种形式。Insomecountries,peoplearemakinguseoftheheatinthecenteroftheearth.→Theheatinthecenteroftheearthisbeingmadeuseofinsomecountries.→Useisbeingmadeoftheheatinthecenteroftheearthinsomecountries.在一些国家,人们正在利用地球中心的热能。[即时演练3]句型转换①Theyhavemadeaterriblemessofthehouse.→Aterriblemesshasbeenmadeofthehousebythem.→Thehousehasbeenmadeaterriblemessofbythem.②Marytookgoodcareofthechildren.→GoodcarewastakenofthechildrenbyMary.→ThechildrenweretakengoodcareofbyMary.5.其他短语动词(1)动词+名词