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1SectionⅣGrammar—定语从句(Ⅱ)[新知导引]1．(教材P34)ThetimewhenIfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.2．(教材P34)Itwasin1952andMandelawastheblacklawyertowhomIwentforadvice.3．(教材P34)Hewasgenerouswithhistime,forwhichIwasgrateful.4．(教材P34)TheschoolwhereIstudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometresaway.5．(教材P34)However,thiswasatimewhenonehadgottohaveapassbooktoliveinJohannesburg.6．(教材P34)．..untiltodaywehavereachedastagewherewehavealmostnorightsatall.7．(教材P34)TheplacesoutsidethetownswheretheyweresenttolivewerethepoorestpartsofSouthAfrica.8．(教材P34)．..wewereputintoapositioninwhichwehadeithertoacceptwewerelessimportant,orfightthegovernment.[语法详解]定语从句除了由关系代词引导外，还可由关系副词when,where,why引导，它们在从句中作状语。1．关系副词when引导的定语从句when表示时间，代替先行词并在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如time,day,hour,year等。①Wewillneverforgettheyearwhenthe29thOlympicGameswereheldinBeijing.我们将永远不会忘记第29届奥运会在北京举办的那一年。②Helivedinatimewhentheblindcouldn'tgetmucheducation.他生活在一个盲人得不到教育的时期。温馨提示：when是关系副词，在从句中只能作状语，而不能作宾语或主语。关系词如果在从句中作主语或宾语要用关系代词which或that，作宾语时常常省略关系代词。Doyourememberthedayswhenwechattedwitheachotherallnight?你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？(when在从句中作状语)2Doyourememberthedaysthat/whichwespenttogetheronthefarm?你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？(that或which作spent的宾语)2．关系副词where引导的定语从句where表示地点，代替先行词并在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，如place,factory,house,village等。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前居住的那所房子已经被拆了。Heisnowworkinginthefactorywherehisfatherworked.现在他正在他父亲工作过的那家工厂工作。温馨提示：(1)若表示地点的先行词在从句中不作地点状语时，不可用where来引导定语从句，若作主语或宾语时，应用which或that来引导定语从句。Thisisthehousewhich/thatwasbuiltbymygrandfatherfortyyearsago.这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。(定语从句中缺少主语，所以用which/that，不用where)Theschool(which/that)wevisitedyesterdayisnewlybuilt.我们昨天参观的那所学校是新建的。(关系代词which/that在从句中作宾语)(2)一些特殊名词后用where引导定语从句。如果定语从句前面的先行词是point,situation,condition,stage和case等，且在从句中作状语时，应用where来引导定语从句。Wehavecometothepointwherewehavetofacesuchaproblem.我们已到了必须面对这样一个问题的地步了。It'shelpfultoputchildreninasituationwheretheycanseethemselvesdifferently.把孩子们放到一个能够让他们从不同角度看待自己的环境中，这对他们有帮助。3.关系副词why引导的定语从句why表示原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般是reason这个词。Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhedidn'tturntohisgoodfriendforhelpyesterday.我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。Canyoutellmethereasonwhyyoudidn'tcometohisbirthdayparty?你能告诉我你没参加他的生日宴会的原因吗？温馨提示：若先行词reason在从句中不作状语，而作主语或宾语时，应用that或which来引导定语从句。Iwon'tlistentothereasonthat/whichyouhavegivenus.3我坚决不听你提供给我们的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语，所以用which/that，不用why)Thereasonwhy/forwhichyoufailed,Ithink,wasthatyouhadnotfollowedyourmother'sadvice.我认为你失败的原因是你没有听你母亲的忠告。(定语从句中缺少状语，所以用why或forwhich)4．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”。选用介词的依据：(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。YesterdaywevisitedtheWestLakeforwhichHangzhouisfamous.昨天我们参观了西湖，杭州因其而出名。(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成，不一定是短语)。Theoldwomanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowisafamousartist.刚才和你们说话的老太太是一个著名的艺术家。(3)根据句子的意思来选择。Mycomputer,withoutwhichIcan'tsurftheInternet,brokedownyesterday.昨天我的电脑坏了，没有它我不能网上冲浪。(4)表“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，常用．..ofwhich/whom引导定语从句。Ihaveabouttenbooks,halfofwhichwerewrittenbyMoYan.我有大约10本书，其中一半是莫言写的。Theoldmanhastwosons,bothofwhomarelawyers.这位老人有两个儿子，两个儿子都是律师。温馨提示：在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化)，如lookafter,lookfor等。Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)Thebabiesafterwhomthenursesarelookingareveryhealthy.(误)考情分析关系副词和“介词＋which”引导的定语从句是定语从句考查的重点和难点，尤其是“介词＋which”引导的定语从句中介词的选择。另外，当先行词是表示时间、地点和原因4的词时，要用哪个关系词还要看关系词在定语从句中所作的成分。口诀助记(口诀一)定语从句真奇妙，关系代(副)词来引导，定语从句分两种，是否限定看逗号。(口诀二)which指物who指人，地点where时间when，that人或物均可，why之前是reason。即时训练Ⅰ.单句填空1．Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.2．Hewrotealetterwhereheexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident.3．Manypeoplewereafraidtogototheforestwhentheyrememberedthesceneswherepeoplewereeatenbythetiger.Ⅱ.完成句子1．一些学龄前儿童去日间托儿所，在那里他们学习简单的游戏和歌曲。Somepreschoolchildrengotoadaycarecenterwhere_they_learnsimplegamesandsongs.2．今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者不能正确使用语言的情况。Today,we'lldiscussanumberofcaseswhere_new_English_learnersfailtousethelanguageproperly.3.我迟到的原因是我的车在路上抛锚了。Thereasonwhy_I_was_latewasthatmycarbrokedownontheway.4．我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都更容易获得信息的时代。Weliveinanagewhen_informationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.5．许多国家现在都在建立国家公园，在那里动植物可以受到保护。Manycountriesarenowsettingupnational_parks_whereanimalsandplantscan5beprotected.Ⅲ.单句填空1．IwishtothankProfessorSmith,withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.2．Hemaywinthecompetition,inwhichcaseheislikelytogetintothenationalteam.3．Hewrotemanychildren'sbooks,nearlyhalfofwhichwerepublishedinthe1990s.4．Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskilluponwhichschooleducationdepends.5．Iwastoldthattherewereabout50foreignstudentsstudying(study)Chineseintheschool,mostofwhomwerefromGermany.Ⅳ.根据句意在空白处填入相应的“介词＋关系代词”1．Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,through_whichhecouldseewhatwashappeninginsidethehouse.2．Theageat_whichchildrencangotoschoolisseven.3．Thedog,of_whichsheusedtobeafraid,isherfavouriteanimalnow.4．Thespeedat_whichTomdriveshiscaristoohigh.5．Tomistheboywith_whomIwenttothecinematogether.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Wewentthroughaperiodwhencommunicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.2．Wevisitedthecarfactorywheremyuncleo