山东省2020届新高考英语大二轮总复习 第十讲 构词法教案

-1-第十讲构词法[考纲解读·定方向]正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，使其更加灵活地应对语法填空和短文改错对于词性转化的考查。[重点强化]一、派生法在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法词缀。加在词根之前的词缀叫做前缀，加在词根之后的叫做后缀。1．形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词­age­cyshort→shortage不足；短缺efficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私；私密­domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧­encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默­nessweak→weakness虚弱；弱点kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意dark→darkness黑暗­thstong→strength力气；强项warm→warmth温暖；热情true→truth真实wide→width宽度-2-­y­ty­itydifficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability无能；残疾responsible→responsibility责任2.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词­alapprove→approval赞成；批准arrive→arrival到来；到达survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提议；建议­anceappear→appearance出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导perform→performance表演；节目­enceexist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考；查阅­ionattract→attraction吸引construct→construction建设educate→education教育evaluate→evaluation评估graduate→graduation毕业­ationexpect→expectation期待；期望explain→explanation解释consider→consideration考虑imagine→imagination想象力starve→starvation挨饿invite→invitation邀请；请柬­(s)siondiscuss→discussion讨论；辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳；准许入学­inghear→hearing听力；听觉begin→beginning开始-3-­mentachieve→achievement功绩；成就argue→argument辩论；论据treat→treatment对待；治疗equip→equipment设备­urefail→failure失败press→pressure压力­turemix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure离开；出发­yrecover→recovery恢复；痊愈discover→discovery发现其他grow→growth成长；发展choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency趋向；趋势3.动词、名词变形容词的后缀后缀例词­ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒适的fashion→fashionable时髦的suit→suitable合适的reason→reasonable有道理的­almusic→musical音乐的origin→original最初的person→personal个人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的form→formal正式的nation→national全国的-4-­fuldoubt→doubtful怀疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的care→careful细心的use→useful有用的help→helpful有帮助的­(e)dscare→scared恐惧的confuse→confused困惑的puzzle→puzzled迷惑的worry→worried担心的bore→bored厌倦的excite→excited激动的；兴奋的underline→underlined加下划线的­ingsurprise→surprising令人惊讶的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人满意的worry→worrying令人担心的bore→boring令人厌倦的­ibleaccess→accessible容易达到的；容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的­iveact→active积极的；活跃的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive给人印象深刻的instruct→instructive有教育意义的expense→expensive昂贵的-5-­ouscontinue→continuous不断的；持续的anxiety→anxious忧虑的caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的­sometire→tiresome令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome麻烦的­ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的dirt→dirty有灰尘的；脏的rain→rainy有雨的sun→sunny阳光明媚的cloud→cloudy阴天的­erneast→eastern东方的；向东的west→western西方的；向西的­ishchild→childish孩子气的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的­icscience→scientific科学的economy→economic经济的history→historic历史上著名的­aryimagine→imaginary想象的4.形容词变副词的后缀规则示例一般情况加­lyslow→slowly缓慢地common→commonly普通地immediate→immediately立刻地以“辅音字母＋­y”结尾，将y改为i然后加­lyhappy→happily高兴地steady→steadily稳定地busy→busily繁忙地-6-以­le结尾，去掉e加­ysimple→simply简单地gentle→gently温柔地terrible→terribly可怕地possible→possibly可能地以­ic结尾，加­allyeconomic→economically经济地scientific→scientifically科学地常考容易拼错的副词rudely；truly；politely；widely；nicely；closely；fortunately；surprisingly；increasingly；hurriedly；healthily5.表示“人”的名词后缀在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。后缀例词­erclean→cleaner清洁工report→reporter记者strange→stranger陌生人­orinvent→inventor发明者visit→visitor游客direct→director导演­arlie→liar说谎者beg→beggar乞讨者；乞丐­eeemploy→employee雇员interview→interviewee参加面试者train→trainee受训者；学员­esshost→hostess女主人act→actress女演员­ianmusic→musician音乐家politic→politician政治家history→historian历史学家­istart→artist艺术家science→scientist科学家piano→pianist钢琴家-7-­antserve→servant仆人participate→participant参加者assist→assistant助手；助理6.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀dis­agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺点appear→disappear消失comfort→discomfort不舒适的honest→dishonest不诚实的il­legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合逻辑的im­polite→impolite无礼的patient→impatient不耐烦的moral→immoral不道德的in­formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的direct→indirect间接引起的ir­regular→irregular不规则的responsible→irresponsible不负责任的mis­lead→mislead误导understand→misunderstand误解un­usual→unusual不寻常的willing→unwilling不愿意的happy→unhappy不高兴的known→unknown不出名的后缀­lesshope→hopeless绝望的end→endless没完没了的care→careless粗心的help→helpless无助的use→useless无用的7.变动词的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词-8-前缀en­able→enable使能够large→enlarge扩大rich→enrich使充实；使丰富danger→endanger危及courage→encourage鼓励后缀­enbroad→broaden使变宽ripe→ripen使成熟sharp→sharpen使尖锐wide→widen加宽short→shorten变短deep→deepen加深dark→darken使变暗hard→harden使变硬­ifyclass→classify把……分类just→justify证明……正确simple→simplify简化beauty→beautify美化­izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize强调memory→memorize记住real→realize认识到；实现二、转化法转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法，这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。转化规则例词注意名词→动词facen．脸→v.面对shouldern．肩→v.肩负watern．水→v.浇水backn．背→v.后退namen．名字→v.命名high，deep，wide用作副词时表示具体，而highly，deeply，widely表示抽象-9-动词→名词lookv．&n.看tryv．&n.尝试dreamv．&n.梦想chatv．&n.聊天形容词→动词emptyadj.空的→v.倒空slowadj.慢的→v.减慢dirtyadj.脏的→v.弄脏warmadj.暖的→v.使变暖形容词→副词hardadj.困难的