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-1-第3讲构词法[全国卷考情分析]题型典题试做命题解读语法填空1．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninterestingcompetition(compete)towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisestostrengthen(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.Runningischeap,easyandit'salwaysenergetic(energy)．3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatisactually(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.1．给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；2．给出动词提示词，填写名词或形容词；3．给出名词提示词，填写形容词或动词。短文改错1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Ifelthappilythattheirlifehadimproved.happily→happy2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Immediate,Iraisedmyhand.Immediate→Immediately3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleoftheroad.suddenly→sudden1．形容词和副词的互相错用；2．形容词和名词的互相错用；3．ed与ing形容词的互相错用。合成法和转化法[题组试做]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2019·湖北七市联考)FloweringinMay,peonies'largepetalsandstrongcolorsarelinkedtoprosperityand(rich)intraditionalChineseculture.richness[考查名词。空前and一词决定其前后单词词性相同，and前prosperity(繁-2-荣)是名词，所以空处应该也是名词，形容词rich的名词是richness。]2．(2019·武汉武昌区调研)Infact,itmusthaveahardstruggletogetits(free)fromthecocoon.freedom[考查名词。空处前面是形容词性物主代词its，形容词性物主代词后面要接名词，所以填名词freedom。]3．(2019·合肥第一次教学质量检测)SeniorexpertsfromUNESCOwereamazedatitsuniquenaturalscenery,nearperfectbiologicalsystem,andcreative(combine)ofnatureandhumanism.combination[考查名词。由前面的形容词creative和后面的of可知，此处应用combine的名词形式。]4．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)TheUnitedNationsagencyreportedthisweekthe12superbugsareathreattohuman(healthy)．health[考查名词。介词后跟名词、代词或动词ing形式作宾语。humanhealth意为“人类健康”，作介词to的宾语。]5．(2019·河南豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhoubeefnoodlehasahistoryof102yearsandisknownforits(taste)beef,soupandnoodles.tasty[考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作定语，修饰名词beef，故应填形容词tasty“美味的，可口的”。]Ⅱ.单句改错6．(2019·昆明检测)Wesharedamomentofcosplayandhappy.Ievendancedwiththecrowd.happy→happiness[考查名词。由“happy”前的“and”可知，此处与cosplay(动漫角色扮演，名词)为并列结构，词性应相同，所以把happy改为happiness。]7．(2019·湖北八校第一次联考)First,wecanvisitourrelativesandfriendsorspendahappilytimewithourfamily.happily→happy[考查形容词。根据该句中的名词time可知，修饰该名词，应用形容词。句意：首先，我们能拜访我们的亲朋好友，或者和家人一起度过快乐的时光。]8．(2019·山东潍坊一模)Afterall,doingexerciseisagoodwaytokeephealth.health→healthy[句意：毕竟，锻炼是保持健康的好办法。错误处应该用形容词而非名词作keep的表语，故将health改为healthy。][要点解读](一)合成法合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词中间需加连字-3-符)。合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断。构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词也可以是词性不同的词。高中阶段常见的合成形式有：合成名词notebook笔记本；classroom教室；blackboard黑板；teamwork配合；spaceship宇宙飞船；woodcut木刻合成形容词lifelong毕生的；secondhand二手的；manmade人工的；widespread广泛的合成动词underline画底线标出；whitewash粉饰；broadcast广播；download下载(二)转化法不增加任何成分，不改变词形，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性的构词法叫转化法。高中阶段常见的转化形式有：名词→动词button纽扣→button扣上纽扣形容词→动词correct正确的→correct改正动词→名词feed喂养→feed一餐，一顿形容词→名词native本地的→native本地人副词→动词up在上面→up提高(三)派生法考点一形容词加ly变为副词的规律[题组试做]单句语法填空1．Theboyranquickly(quick)toschool.2．“What'sthat？”Fathershoutedangrily(angry)．3．Thelittlegirlisextremely(extreme)eagertoknowtheresultoftheexam.4．Yourcompositionisbadly(bad)organized.Pleasedoyourwritingexercisemoreattentively(attend)nexttime.[要点解读]1．一般情况加ly。如：real→really；careful→carefully；polite→politely；quick→quickly2．“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，将y改为ily。如：angry→angrily；busy→busily；heavy→heavily3．以ble结尾的，将ble改为bly。如：probable→probably；possible→possibly4．个别单词，去掉e再加ly。如：true→truly5．以ic结尾的，加ally。如：basic→basically；energetic→energetically[注意]有的名词＋ly→形容词，如：friend→friendly；day→daily-4-考点二动词/名词变形容词的常见后缀[题组试做]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Heisratherselfish(self)sothatnobodypreferstohaveatalkwithhim.2．Thegoodworkingconditioninthefactoryisattractive(attract)．3．Heisreliable(rely)soyoucandependonhim.4．Theyarenervous(nerve)abouttheirfirsttripabroad.5．Theflowerisharmful(harm)toourhealth.Ⅱ.单句改错6．Mostpeoplenowadaysaresobusywiththeirlivesthattheydonothavetimetoenjoyahealthyandbalancediet.balance→balanced7．Idon'tthinkitareasonpracticeforthemtobehavethatwayinoursociety.reason→reasonable[要点解读]后缀例词ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒适的fashion→fashionable时髦的suit→suitable合适的reason→reasonable有道理的almusic→musical音乐的origin→original最初的person→personal个人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的fuldoubt→doubtful怀疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的ibleaccess→accessible容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的-5-iveact→active积极的；活跃的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive给人深刻印象的ouscontinue→continuous不断的；持续的anxiety→anxious忧虑的caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的sometire→tiresome令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome麻烦的ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的erneast→eastern东方的；向东的ishchild→childish孩子气的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的icscience→scientific科学的economy→economic经济的history→historic历史上著名的aryimagine→imaginary想象中的考点三动词变名词的后缀[题组试做]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Annanwillberememberedforhisabilityandhiswarmth(warm)．2．Withouthesitation(hesitate)，Idecidedtofollowthemandwedidhavelotsoffunthatday.Ⅱ.单句改错3．Itisaveryeffectivewaytolearnthelanguageandimproveyourpronounce.pronounce→pronunciation[要点解读]-6-后缀例词alapprove→approval赞成；批准arrive→arrival到来；到达survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提议；建议anceenceappear→appearance出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导perform→performance表演；