2020版高考英语大二轮复习 专题一 语法填空与短文改错 第一部分 题型解读 题型一 语法填空学案

1题型一语法填空考向一有提示词一、提示词为动词动词在7个提示词中所占的比重最大，一般4个；以考查动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词以及词形转换为主。1．谓语和非谓语的判断根据英语的句法结构，如果一个句子中要出现多个动作，构成的句式有以下三种：[典例1]Modernmethods63.of/fortrackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid­1980s，andareexpensive64(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.(2019·全国Ⅰ)[toperform空格前出现了谓语动词are，且后边没有连词出现，故此处用非谓语动词；本句含有“主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式”结构，通常用不定式的主动形式表被动意义。故答案为toperform。][典例2]IlovecominghereandseeingmyfamilyandallthefriendsI66(make)overtheyears.(2019·全国Ⅱ)[havemade由第二个连词and可知，此处为两个并列句。故空处应填谓语动词，根据时间状语overtheyears可知，空处应用现在完成时，故答案为havemade。]2．谓语动词的时态和语态判断所填空处为谓语动词之后，根据以下三个步骤做题：2[典例3]InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavut65(report)increasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements，leadingtoa66.beliefthatpopulationsareincreasing.(2019·全国Ⅰ)[havereported根据上下文语境，尤其是时间状语Inrecentyears可知，主句用现在完成时态，故填havereported。][典例4]Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award，proudIrene64(declare)shehadnoplans65.toretirefromher36­year­oldbusiness.(2019·全国Ⅱ)[declared根据上下文可知，该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文had可知用一般过去时态，故填declared。][典例5]Onthelastdayofourweek­longstay，we69(invite)toattendaprivateconcertonabeautifulfarmontheNorthShoreunderthestars,70.listeningtomusiciansandmeetinginterestinglocals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)[wereinvited由“Onthelastdayofourweek­longstay”可知，句子时态为一般过去时。根据句意知我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会，所以用被动语态。主语为we，故填wereinvited。]3．非谓语动词[典例6]Onourwaytothehouse，itwasraining61.sohardthatwecouldn’thelpwonderinghowlongitwouldtake62(get)there.(2019·全国Ⅲ)[toget此处考查“Ittakes(sb.)sometimetodosth.”这一句型结构，表示“某人花费多长时间做某事”。][典例7]Whenwegotacall68(say)shewasshort­listed，wethoughtitwas69.ajoke.(2019·全国Ⅱ)[sayingcall与say是主动关系，故用现在分词形式saying作后置定语，解释名词call3的内容。]二、提示词为名词一般考查名词单复数；有时也考名词变动词和名词变形容词。所以平时要注意结合构词法进行积累。[典例8]Wearesoproudofher.It’s70(wonder)．(2019·全国Ⅱ)[wonderful根据句子结构可知，在系动词is之后用形容词形式作表语，故填wonderful。][典例9]Nomatterwhatyouliketodo，thereisawaytogetinvolvedinvarious6(activity)onEarthDay.(2019·北京)[activities根据设空前的修饰词various可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。故填activities。]三、提示词为形容词或副词[典例10]Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen62(poor)studied.(2019·全国Ⅰ)[poorly根据句意和结构分析可知，此处应用副词poorly修饰谓语动词studied，意为“研究很少”。故填poorly。][典例11]Scientistshaverespondedby67.notingthathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements，leadingtotheillusion(错觉)thatpopulationsare68(high)thantheyactuallyare.(2019·全国Ⅰ)[higher根据其后thantheyactuallyare可知，此处为形容词的比较级，故填higher。]四、提示词为代词一般考查人称代词变为物主代词，主格变为宾格，有时也考查人称代词变为反身代词。[典例12]Nervously2.facingchallenges，IknowIwillwhisperto3(I)thetwosimplewords“Beyourself”．(2019·北京)[myself本句的主语是I，当宾语与主语是同一人称时，宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。][典例13]WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother，Iwasjustgladtofind68(they)alive.(2018·全国Ⅲ)[them此处作find的宾语，所以用宾格them。]考向二无提示词一、填冠词空格后有可数名词，或者有序数词、最高级等形式，一般是填冠词。[典例1]Of69nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations，threearedeclining，4six70.arestable，oneisincreasing，andninelackenoughdata.(2019·全国Ⅰ)[the考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。][典例2]Whenwegotacall68.sayingshewasshort­listed，wethoughtitwas69joke.(2019·全国Ⅱ)[a考查冠词用法。根据句意“我们还以为这是一个玩笑”可知，此处joke为泛指，故填a。]二、填介词介词位于名词、名词词组、代词或动名词前；动词后面的固定搭配，需要强化记忆。[典例3]Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyapack63dogs，seventobeexact.(2019·全国Ⅲ)[of考查介词。固定短语apackof意为“一群”。故填of。][典例4]Firstcelebrated51970，theDaynowincludeseventsinmorethan190countriesandregions(地区)．(2019·北京)[in表示“在(某年、某月等)”要用介词in。故填in。]三、填连词1．填并列连词：高频考点为and，but，or或so，构成并列、转折、选择、因果关系。特别注意although/though不与but连用。because不能与so连用。2．填从句引导词：当空格后为句子，而此句子又不与前面或后面的句子并列时，一般是填从句引导词。定语从句要注意分析句子整体结构和从句缺少的成分；名词性从句要结合句意和缺少的成分；状语从句注意主从句的逻辑关系。[典例5]Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°，thereisevidence61theyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic，andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.(2019·全国Ⅰ)[that考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为therebe句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词evidence的内容，故填that。][典例6]IworknotbecauseIhaveto，67becauseIwantto.(2019·全国Ⅱ)[but考查连词。此处用but与前文not呼应，构成“不是……而是……”之意，故填but。]四、填代词当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词：人称代词主格和宾格、指示代词或it。因为充当主语或宾语的应该是名词或代词，而在语法填空的纯空格中一般是不要求填名词的，所以只要句子缺主语或宾语，就填代词。此时，要根据前后语境，看该空格是指人还是指物，指男还是指女，是单数还是复数。除人称代词外，也可能填不定代词等。[典例7]Ifyouaretimepoor，youneedrunforonlyhalfthetimetogetthesamebenefitsasothersports，soperhapsweshouldallgive70atry.(2018·全国Ⅰ)5[it/running此处号召我们尝试一下跑步，因此可以填名词running，也可以用it指代。故填it或running。][典例8]Manywesterners57.that/whocometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheap58canbetoeatout.(2018·浙江)[it分析句子结构可知，不定式toeatout是真正的主语，it是形式主语。故填it。]Ⅰ.语法填空——有提示词专练(2018·全国Ⅰ改编)Accordingtoareviewof1.(evident)inamedicaljournal,2.(run)livethreeyears3.(long)thannon­runners.Youdon’thavetorunfastorforlong4.(see)thebenefit.Youmaydrink，smoke，beoverweightandstillreduceyourriskof5.(die)earlybyrunning.Whilerunning6.(regular)can’tmakeyouliveforever，thereviewsaysit7.__________(be)moreeffectiveat8.(length)lifethanwalking，cyclingorswimming.Twoofthe9.(author)ofthereviewalsomadeastudy10.(publish)in2014whichshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunning11.(reduce)theriskofheartdiseaseandearly12.(die)fromall13.(cause)．The14.(good)exerciseofallisonethatyouenjoyandwilldo.Butotherwise...it’s15.(probable)running.Toavoidkneepain，youcanrunonsoftsurfaces，doexercisesto16.(strength)yourlegmuscles，avoid17.(climb)hillsandgetgoodrunn