1第五节代词和介词(短语)考向分析热考点高考语法填空侧重考查it及人称代词,含有介词的固定短语和动词短语。短文改错集中在人称代词的人称、数和性别的一致性,固定短语的介词。新考向2019全国Ⅰ及全国Ⅲ考查了代词的用法及固定短语中介词的用法。题型一关于代词和介词(短语)的语法填空1.Nervouslyfacingchallenges,IknowIwillwhisperto(I)thetwosimplewords“Beyourself”.(2019·北京)答案myself解析考查代词。句意为:焦虑不安地面临挑战时,我知道我将轻声对自己说:“做你自己。”此处whisperto这一动作的发出者和承受者为同一人,宾语要用反身代词。故填myself。2.Astudyshowsthestudentswhoareengagedinafterschoolactivitiesarehappierthan(that)whoarenot.(2019·天津)答案those解析考查代词。句意为:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词对应thestudents,是复数,故填those。3.Runningischeap,easyandit’salwaysenergetic.Ifyouaretimepoor,youneedrunforonlyhalfthetimetogetthesamebenefitsasothersports,soperhapsweshouldallgiveatry.(2018·全国Ⅰ)答案running/it解析考查名词或代词。此处号召我们尝试一下这种运动,因此可以填名词running,也可以用it指代。givesth.atry尝试一下某事。4.Whenthegorillas(大猩猩)andIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustgladtofind(they)alive.(2018·全国Ⅲ)答案them解析考查代词之人称代词。分析句子结构可知,此处要用代词作find的宾语,故要用人称代词的宾格。they的宾格为them。5.ManywesternerswhocometoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapcanbetoeatout.(2018·浙江)2答案it解析考查it的用法。句子为感叹句,正常语序应该是itcanbecheaptoeatout.其中不定式toeatout是真正的主语,it是形式主语。故填it。6.However,therailwayquicklyprovedtobeagreatsuccessandwithinsixmonths,morethan25,000peoplewereusingeveryday.(2017·全国Ⅱ)答案it解析考查代词。use是及物动词,其后接宾语,此处明显缺少代词。分析句意可知,这里用it指代前句的therailway,故填it。7.Pahlssonscreamedsoloudlythatherdaughtercamerunningfromthehouse.“shethoughtIhadhurt(I),”saysPahlsson.(2017·浙江)答案myself解析考查反身代词。根据语境可知,hurt这一动作的发出者和承受者为同一人,故应用I的反身代词形式,意为“她认为我伤了我自己”,故填myself。1.人称代词数人称主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词单数一Imemyminemyself二youyouyouryoursyourself三hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitself复数一weusouroursourselves二youyouyouryoursyourselves三theythemtheirtheirsthemselves2.不定代词含义指代都任何一个都不两者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone33.one,another,theother,some,others,theothers的区别一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数oneanothertheother复数someotherstheothers单数onebookanotherbooktheotherbook复数somebooksotherbookstheotherbooks4.that,those的用法①that指代上文提到的单数名词或不可数名词(=the+单数名词/不可数名词,与前面的名词不是同一个,即同名不同物)。Thestoryismoreinterestingthanthat(thestory)youreadafewdaysago.②those指代上文提到的复数名词(=the+复数名词,同名不同物的复数)。ThecomputersmadeinChinaareasgoodasthose(thecomputers)madeintheUSA.1.Modernmethodstrackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid1980s,andareexpensivetoperformconsistentlyoveralargearea.(2019·全国Ⅰ)答案of/for解析考查介词。此处trackingpolarbearpopulations作Modernmethods的定语,用of连接,methodsofdoingsth.意为“……的方法”。或者意为“用于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。2.Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyapackdogs,seventobeexact.(2019·全国Ⅲ)答案of解析考查介词。apackof意为“一群……”,为固定搭配。故填of。3.Firstcelebrated1970,theDaynowincludeseventsinmorethan190countriesandregions(地区).(2019·北京)答案in解析考查介词。句意为:第一次庆祝是在1970年。如今,这一天的活动遍及190多个国家和地区。在年份前要用介词in。故填in。4.Theanswerthisquestionisnotclear.(2019·浙江)答案to解析考查介词。句意为:这个问题的答案不清楚。theanswerto...……的答案,为固定搭4配。故填to。5.Favorablepoliciesareeffecttoencourageemployees’professionaldevelopment.(2019·江苏)答案in解析考查介词短语。句意为:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。ineffect实际上,为固定搭配,故填in。6.Cornuseslesswaterriceandcreateslessfertilizer(化肥)runoff.(2018·全国Ⅱ)答案than解析由句中的比较级less可知,此处将玉米和水稻进行比较,故填than。7.IwassearchingthesethreewesternlowlandgorillasI’dbeenobserving.(2018·全国Ⅲ)答案for解析考查介词。searchfor寻找,为固定搭配。8.Isuggestthatthenexttimeyougotoyourmum’shomedinner,getafewcookingtipsfromher.(2018·浙江)答案for解析考查介词。gotoyourmum’shomefordinner去你妈妈家吃饭。for表示目的,意为“为了要,为了得到”。9.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)amethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedsideeffectssuchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)答案as解析考查介词。此处指作为抵抗心脏病的一种方法,所以用介词as。10.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowdsontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandwork.(2017·全国Ⅱ)答案from解析考查介词。traveltoandfromwork上下班。11.Afterschoolsheplanstotakeayearofftomodelfulltimebeforegoingtouniversitytogetadegreeengineeringorarchitecture.(2017·全国Ⅲ)答案in解析考查介词。关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。adegreeinengineeringorarchitecture工程学或建筑学学位。1.介宾关系52.介词的基本含义in①在……里面②表示时间段,加年/月/季节/世纪/朝/年代,几十岁的时候,还泛指上午、下午或晚上例:in1990,inSeptember,inspring,inthe18thcentury,intheMingDynasty,in1980s,inone’stwenties,inthemorning③处于……状态例:ingoodcondition状态良好ingoodshape身材好④用某种语言/专业(speak)例:inEnglish⑤inaway在某方面;在某种程度上instrength在力量上incourage在勇气上on①在……上②在具体的时间,或具体的上午、下午或晚上例:onOctober1,onSunday,onChristmasDay,onthemorningofMay1③关于(=about)④身上带着,有(=with)例:haveenoughmoneywith/onme⑤on(=upon)+n./doing一……就……at①在某处例:attheairport②在……时(刻)例:at6∶00inthemorning③在……岁(具体)例:at20④以……价格、速度例:atahigh/lowprice以高/低价ataspeedof...以……速度⑤朝,向(某方向或目标)例:throwat,laughat6⑥因……而……;一听到/看到/想到……就……例:attheterriblesightto①向,朝(某方向或某处)②(指时间)在(某时间)之前例:aquartertosix差一刻到六点tenminutestotwo一点五十分③属于(某人/某物)例:thekeytothedoor,theanswertothequestionfor①(表示目的)为了例:forpleasure为了好玩②(表示对象)给例:Thereisaletterforyou.③对某人来说例:Itiseasyforus.④(表示理由或原因)因为,由于例:ThankyouforhelpingmewithmyEnglish.⑤表示“持续一段时间”例:foranhour⑥(表示目标、去向)往,向例:leavefor,headforthetrainforParis开往巴黎的火车⑦表示“支持,赞同”,反义词为“against”例:Areyouforthisplanoragainstit?with①和……在一起例:withafriend②有,带有,具有例:withmoremoney③随着例:withage随着年龄的增长withtimegoingby=astimegoesby随着时间的流逝by①靠近,在……旁边