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1第三节名词、冠词和数词1．Onestudyshowedthat(woman)whodrankalotofcoffee，likeeightormorecupsperday，whiletheywerepregnantweremorelikelytohavechildrenwithbirthdefects.(2018·11月浙江)答案women解析考查名词复数。此处泛指喝大量咖啡的妇女，指某一类人用名词复数。下文中的they也是提示。故填women。2．MakingChinese(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.(2018·6月浙江)答案dishes解析考查名词复数。dish菜肴，为可数名词，中式菜肴有很多种，故此处用dish的复数形式。3．Amerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall(cause)．(2018·全国Ⅰ)答案causes解析考查名词复数。cause表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有all，故填cause的复数形式。4．Thistrend，whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease，hashadsomeunintendedside(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.(2017·全国Ⅰ)答案effects解析考查名词复数。sideeffect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweightandheartdisease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。5．Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.(2017·全国Ⅱ)答案crowds解析考查名词复数。crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。6．Shehasturneddownseveral(invitation)tostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.(2017·全国Ⅲ)2答案invitations解析考查名词复数。several表“几个”，其后要用名词invitation的复数形式。7．LastOctober，whiletendinghergardeninMora，Sweden，LenaPahlssonpulledoutahandfulofsmall(carrot)andwasabouttothrowthemaway.(2017·浙江)答案carrots解析考查名词复数。ahandfulof一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。ahandfulofcarrots几个胡萝卜。8．Recent(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.(2016·全国Ⅱ)答案studies解析考查名词复数。根据后面的谓语动词show，表示复数形式，故主语也应是复数形式。提示词是名词，首先分析句子，确认不需要改变词性，就可以考虑用名词复数形式。一些标志词可以快速确认。1．修饰词①oneof＋名词复数。②大于2的基数词，different，various，many，these/those，few，afew，several，all，both，other，a(large)numberof，acoupleof，adozenof，dozensof，ahandfulof后用名词复数。③some后如果名词可数，要用复数。2．谓语动词：如果所填的名词作主语，谓语动词是复数形式are，were，have或动词原形，则用名词复数。3．特殊的复数名词belongingsn．财产possessionsn．财产congratulations祝贺surroundingsn．环境findingsn．发现good/badmannersn．有礼貌/没礼貌taketurns轮流inalldirections四面八方inruins严重受损；破败不堪31．InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements，leadingtoa(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.(2019·全国Ⅰ)答案belief解析考查名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。2．Wearesoproudofher.It’s(wonder)．(2019·全国Ⅱ)答案wonderful解析考查形容词作表语。根据句子结构可知，在系动词is之后应用形容词作表语，故填wonderful。3．Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting(compete)towatch，togetherwiththestorybehindit.(2019·全国Ⅲ)答案competition解析考查名词。由空前的aninteresting可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。4．Theyalsosharedwithusmany(tradition)storiesaboutHawaiithatwerehugelypopularwithtourists.(2019·全国Ⅲ)答案traditional解析考查形容词。空格处修饰名词stories，应用形容词，tradition的形容词形式为traditional，故填traditional。5．OtherAmericanstudiesshowedno(connect)betweenuniformsandschoolperformance.(2019·浙江)答案connection/connections解析考查名词。no是形容词，修饰名词，connect的名词形式为connection表示“联系，关联”，为可数名词，故填connection/connections。6．Schooluniformsare(tradition)inBritain，butsomeschoolsarestartingtogetridofthem.(2019·6月浙江)答案traditional解析考查形容词。are是系动词，其后常用形容词作表语，tradition是名词，“传统”的意思，因此，用其形容词形式。故填traditional。47．It’snevertooearlytomakenecessarypreparationsforahealthyand(meaning)collegeexperience.(2019·北京)答案meaningful解析考查形容词。这里与前面的healthy并列，修饰后面的名词collegeexperience，故此处也要用形容词形式。故填meaningful。8．Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein(weigh)problems.(2018·6月浙江)答案weight解析考查词形转换。此处应用名词作定语修饰problems，weightproblems意为“体重问题”。9．Toavoidkneepain，youcanrunonsoftsurfaces，doexercisesto(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉)，avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.(2018·全国Ⅰ)答案strengthen解析考查词性转换之名词变动词。此处不定式短语作目的状语，故填strength的动词形式strengthen。10．Runningischeap，easyandit’salways(energy)．(2018·全国Ⅰ)答案energetic解析考查词性转换之名词变形容词。连系动词is后接形容词作表语，故填energy的形容词形式energetic。11．AccordingtotheWorldBank，Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal(globe)fertilizerconsumption...(2018·全国Ⅱ)答案global解析考查词性转换之名词变为形容词。修饰名词短语fertilizerconsumption应用形容词，名词globe的形容词形式是global。12．MynameisMireyaMayor.I’ma(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.(2018·全国Ⅲ)答案scientist解析考查词形转换之名词构词法。由空后的who可知，定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词。scientist科学家。5(一)提示词是名词，首先分析句子，如需要改变词性，根据语境确认用哪种词性。构词法——常见的词根词缀①en动词后缀strength→strengthen加强fright→frighten使害怕length→lengthen延长②fy动词后缀beauty→beautify美化qualification→qualify使取得(资格)class→classify分类③ize/ise动词后缀apology→apologiz(s)e道歉memory→memorize记住④常见形容词后缀名词＋ysun→sunny阳光充足的fog→foggy有雾的wealth→wealthy富有的health→healthy健康的noise→noisy吵闹的动词＋ableadvise→advisable明智的，可取的comfort→comfortable舒服的accept→acceptable可接受的名词＋aleducation→educational有教育意义的season→seasonal季节的addition→additional附加的，额外的accident→accidental意外的名词＋enwood→wooden木制的gold→golden金色的6动词＋entdiffer→different不同的insist→insistent坚持的depend→dependent依赖的名词＋ishfool→foolish愚蠢的self→selfish自私的child→childish孩子气的动词＋iveact→active积极的impress→impressive印象深刻的名词＋fulpower→powerful强有力的peace→peaceful和平的beauty→beautiful美丽的wonder→wonderful很棒的help→helpful有帮助的名词＋lessful的反义home→homeless无家可归的hope→hopeless绝望的help→helpless无助的名词＋ousfame→famous有名的envy→envious羡慕的humor→humorous幽默的ambition→ambitious有野心的caution→cautious谨慎的名词＋lyfriend→friendly友好的order→orderly有秩序的time→timely及时的7month→monthly每月的day→d