山东省2020届新高考英语大二轮总复习 第二板块 阅读理解与阅读七选五 专题一 阅读理解 第二部分

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-1-第一讲细节理解题[整体感知·明方向]细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重,但此类题型相对比较简单,只需要根据题干中的关键词,回到原文定位信息区间,稍加比对,就能得出答案。因此,对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对,力争不丢分,保住基本分才能得高分。细节理解题常分为直接信息题和间接信息题。所谓直接信息题就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的细节题,主要考查原文中的时间、地点、人物等信息。间接信息题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换,利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息,然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理,方能做出正确的判断,此类试题在高考中占大多数。1.常见设问方式(1)特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑问词引出的问题。(2)判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE,NOTtrue或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词,如not,never等。(3)以“Accordingto...”开头的提问形式。(4)填空形式。如Thebiggestchallengeformostmothersisfrom________.2.正确选项特征(1)同义替换。指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把loseone'sjob换成了beoutofwork。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性,如把important变换成ofimportance;改变原文中句子的语态,如主动语态与被动语态的转换。(2)信息归纳。用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息,设置为正确答案。(3)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。3.干扰选项特征张冠李戴是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容无中生有符合常识,但不是文章的内容曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似,只是在某个细节处有些变动颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反正误参半部分正确,部分错误[分类例析·通技法]直接信息题-2-[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A节选)StewardshipYouthRangerProgramYoucouldapplytobeaStewardshipYouthRangerandworkonlocalnaturalresourcemanagementprojectsforeightweeksthissummer.Whoiseligible:Studentsaged16or17attimeofhire,butnotturning18beforeDecember31thisyear.22.WhatistheagerangerequiredbyStewardshipYouthRangerProgram?A.15­18.B.15­24.C.15­29.D.16­17.[解题示范][第一步]定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词:StewardshipYouthRangerProgram锁信息定位:用StewardshipYouthRangerProgram寻读,在文中找到信息源——Whoiseligible:Studentsaged16or17attimeofhire,butnotturning18beforeDecember31thisyear.[第二步]比对定答案选项选项意思定位A15­18无中生有B15­24无中生有C15­29无中生有D16­17直接信息[分析]选D比对选项和信息句可知,学生的年龄应该在16­17岁。故选D。间接信息题间接信息题“两步解题法”-3-[典例](全国卷Ⅱ阅读D节选)Whenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn'tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.32.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A.Itmakesnoises.B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.C.Itstandsquietly.D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.[解题示范][第一步]审读题干抓关键,定位信息区间根据关键词的醒目性和唯一性原则,可以确定本题的关键词为plant和underattack。从而定位本题的信息区间为所节选段。[第二步]选项与原文逐一比对,确定正确选项A.Itmakesnoises.-4-答案:D概括细节理解题概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息,这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向,找到文中相应的信息区间,然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实,然后再看选项,挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C节选)“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,”shesaid.29.WhydoesBechtelprefertogooutforlunch?-5-A.Tomeetwithhercoworkers.B.Tocatchupwithherwork.C.Tohavesometimeonherown.D.Tocollectdataforherreport.[解题示范][第一步]定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词:prefertogooutforlunch锁信息定位:用prefertogooutforlunch寻读,在文中找到信息源——Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself.[第二步]比对定答案选项选项意思原文意思定位A与她的工友见面有时与工友一块吃中午饭张冠李戴B追赶上她的工作在她桌旁吃午饭时工作张冠李戴C拥有自己的时间把时间留给自己信息归纳D为她的报告收集资料原文中没有出现,也无法做出有效归纳无中生有[分析]选C根据该段内容,尤其是最后一句中的“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself”可知,Bechtel喜欢独自外出吃饭因为她想拥有属于自己的时间。故选C。正误判断题正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目,说其繁琐,因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段,而是分散在文章的各个角落,对于这类题目,考生要静下心来,看清范围,确定方向,找到每一个选项的对应信息后,谨慎排除,综合选优。[典例](福建卷阅读A节选)FoodfestivalsaroundtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcelebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonlypeopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavarietyofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50­metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointotheircompetitorslane(赛道).CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,-6-butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditionalaccompanimentforStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestival—TheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddiction—foodthatisnotjustspicy(辛辣),buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandyoureyeswater.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodofthreedayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocolate­coveredhabaneropepper—officiallythehottestpepperintheworld—oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonething'sforsure—ifyoudon'tlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfestivalisn'tforyou!LaTomatina—TheWorld'sBiggestFoodFightOnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBunolhostsLaTomatina—theworld'slargestfoodfight.Aweek­longcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek'sevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoes—officialfight­startersgetthingsgoingbycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.59.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.B.Morethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C.Thousandsofspicyfoodsar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