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-1-SectionⅡGrammar——定语从句课前自主预习[例句·体验]1．Theletterthat/whichIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommyfather.昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。2．Sheisthegirlwholivesnextdoor.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。3．She'sthestudentwhosehandwritingisthebestinmyclass.她就是我的班里书法最好的学生。4.Thisisthepilotbywhommyfriendwassaved.这就是那位救了我朋友的飞行员。5．IstillrememberthedayswhenwestayedinEngland.我仍然记得我们在英国的那些日子。6．ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.这是我去年待过的山村。7．Thisisthereasonwhyhewasabsent.这就是他缺席的原因。8．Asisknowntousall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是个发展中国家。9．Thesportsmeetingwasputoff,whichastonishedus.运动会推迟了，这让我们很吃惊。10．Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse，neitherofwhomwantedtobuyit.上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个都不想买。-2-课堂合作探究[语法·讲座]一、定语从句定义在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句常出现在先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。非限制性定语从句在形式上与主句很松散，它与主句之间一般用逗号隔开。先行词：定语从句在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词就是先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词。关系词的作用有三个：一、引导定语从句；二、代替先行词；三、在定语从句中担当一定的成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose,as等。关系副词：when,where,why等。二、关系代词的功能关系代词指代表示人或物的先行词，并在从句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略，但介词放在关系代词的前面时，其后的关系代词which(指物)和whom(指人)不能省略。1．who，whom，that这些关系代词可以用来指人。①Theboywho/thatisstandingthereismycousin.站在那儿的那个男孩是我的表弟。②MrLiistheman(who/that/whom)youtalkedaboutjustnow.李先生就是你们刚才谈论过的那个人。名师点津(1)who和that引导定语从句时，不能放在介词的后面，但whom可以，且不能省略。-3-(2)先行词既有人也有物时，只能用that引导。(3)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。2．whose既可指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。若指物，可以与“the＋名词＋ofwhich”互换；若指人，可以与“the＋名词＋ofwhom”互换。③Helpisneededforthesefamilies,whosehomesweredestroyedintheflood,whoseeffectwasgreat.＝Helpisneededforthesefamilies,thehomesofwhomweredestroyedintheflood,theeffectofwhichwasgreat.应该给这些家庭帮助，他们的房子在洪水中被毁了，这次洪水的影响是很大的。3.which,that。(1)这两个词指物，它们在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。作动词宾语时可省略；作介词后的宾语时用which，不能用that。④Childrenliketoreadbookswhich/thathavewonderfulpictures.孩子们喜欢读有精美插图的书。⑤Thepen(which/that)myunclegavemeismissing.我叔叔给我的那支钢笔不见了。(2)宜用that不用which的情况。a．当先行词为不定代词，或被all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,few,little,any,every,each,no,some等修饰时。⑥Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknew.他把他知道的一切都告诉我了。b．当先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。⑦TheonlythingthatIcandois(to)wait.我所能做的唯一的事就是等待。c．先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。⑧Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.这是我们学校本学期放映的第三部电影了。d．先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。⑨Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedoneishowtostophimfromgoingon.应做的最重要的事就是该如何制止他继续下去。e．先行词既有人又有物时。⑩Theytalkedaboutthepeopleandthingsthattheycouldremember.他们讨论了他们所能记起的人和事。-4-f．当主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时。⑪Whichisthedressthatfitsmemost?哪一件是最适合我的连衣裙？名师点津(1)which可以位于介词之后，that不可以。(2)which可以引导非限制性定语从句，that不能。口诀巧辨that/whichthat，which可互换，以下情况要注意；逗号后面非限制，介词后面用which；very，first加名词，使用that不迟疑；先行词前最高级，尽量避免用which；不定代词疑问词，全用that准没事。4.as引导定语从句的用法。as引导限制性定语从句常用于thesame/such...as...结构中。⑫ThisisthesamepenasIlost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支是一样的。(注意：指同一类的两支)⑬Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.他是一个每个人都喜欢的如此聪明的男孩。(注意：as在定语从句中作宾语)⑭Aseveryoneknows,itishardforagraduatetofindajobnow.＝Itishardforagraduatetofindajobnow,aseveryoneknows.＝Itishardforagraduate,aseveryoneknows,tofindajobnow.每个人都知道，现在毕业生找工作很难。辨析-5-三、关系副词的功能关系副词所对应的先行词多是表示时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when，where，why在定语从句中分别充当时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。关系副词常可换成“介词＋which”。①Isthisthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslateforschool?这是他上学迟到的理由吗？②Thefactorywhere/inwhichmyfatherworksisintheeastofthecity.我父亲工作的那个工厂在这座城市东面。名师点津(1)当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage,occasion(场合)等名词表示情况、方面、处境时，定语从句常用关系副词where引导。(2)表示时间、地点、原因的先行词后究竟是用关系副词还是关系代词引导定语从句，要看从句中所缺成分。③I'llneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的岁月。(that/which指代thedays，在从句中作spent的宾语，用关系代词)④I'llneverforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.我永远忘不了我入团的那天。(定语从句中缺少时间状语，when相当于onwhich，指代ontheday，用关系副词)四、介词＋关系代词或关系副词-6-介词后的关系代词有which(指物)，whom(指人)和关系副词where,when。①ThisisthegirlfromwhomIlearnedthenews.这就是那个女孩，从她那里我知道了此消息。(learnfrom从……获悉)②TheplaneinwhichweflewtotheUKwasverycomfortable.我们去英国乘坐的那架飞机很舒适。(intheplane在飞机里)③You'dbetterclimbuptothetopofthehill,fromwhereyoucanhaveagoodviewofthewholecity.你最好爬到那个山顶上，从那里你可以好好欣赏全市的美景。名师点津“介词＋关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词。[课堂·总结演练]Ⅰ单句语法填空1．Whycan'tyourealizethepart________theyhaveplayedinourlife?答案：which/that2．Isthisfactorytheone________wevisitedlastweek?答案：which/that3．Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,________cameasasurprise.答案：which4．Wesawseveralnativestowardsourparty，andoneofthemcameuptous,________wegavesomebellsandglasses.答案：towhom5．Thereisnosimpleanswer,________isoftenthecaseinscience.答案：as6．All________canbeeatenhasbeeneatenup.答案：that7．InChina,thenumberofcitiesisincreasing________developmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.答案：whose8．It'shelpfultoputchildreninasituation________theycanseethemselvesdifferently.答案：where/inwhich9．Guncontrolisasubject________Americanshavearguedforalongtime.答案：aboutwhich-7-10．Wasitinthevillage________weusedtolivein________theaccidenthappened?答案：which/that;thatⅡ句型转换(把下面的句子变成含有定语从句的复合句)1．Helivesinahotel.Itisonlyfiveminutes'walkfromhere.＝Helivesinahotel_____________________________________.答案：which/thatisonlyfiveminutes'walkfromhere2．Thespeakerwilltellusaboutsomewritersandtheirworks.Theyareknowntous.＝Thespeakerwilltellusaboutsomewritersandtheirworks_____________.答案：t