1SectionⅣGrammar&Writing非谓语动词(二)一、不定式作状语1.表示目的。有(not)todo,inorder(not)todo,only(not)todo,so/suchas(not)todo等结构。Hegotupearlysoasnottobelate.他起床很早,以免迟到。2.表示结果。现在分词作结果状语,常常表示是意料之中的;而不定式则表示意料之外的。Hehurriedtothestoponlytofindthetrainhadleft.(意料之外的)他匆匆地到车站,却发现火车已经离开了。Hehurriedtothestationcatchingthefirsttrain.(意料之中的)他匆匆地到车站赶上了第一班火车。对接高考①Georgereturnedafterthewar,only____________(tell)thathiswifehadlefthim.战后乔治回到了家,结果被告知说他妻子已离他而去。tobetold解析:onlytodo表示意想不到的结果。3.不定式放在形容词后面作状语。此类的形容词有easy,hard,difficult,luck,happy等。Thismachineisveryeasytooperate.这台机器很容易操作。不定式放在形容词后面是主动表示被动。对接高考②Theoldmansatinfrontofthetelevisioneveryevening,happy____________(watch)anythingthathappenedtobeon.2那位老人每天晚上坐在电视前,高兴地看播放的任何节目。towatch解析:behappytodosth.意为“乐意做某事”。二、分词作状语1.分词的基本形式:现在分词一般式doing与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或基本同时发生完成式havingdone与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,先于谓语动词的动作发生进行被动式beingdone与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且与谓语动词的动作同时发生,一般作原因状语置于句首完成被动式havingbeendone与句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词的动作发生否定式not+(现在)分词的各种形式过去分词及物动词的过去分词done,既表示被动,又表示完成;个别的过去分词(多数是不及物动词)并不表示被动的意思而有完成的含义3Ihavespentalldaylookingforyou.我花了一整天找你。Don’tsittheredoingnothing.别什么也不干坐在那里。Nothavingfinishedhiswork,hecouldnotleavetheoffice.由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。对接高考③____________(spend)thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.作为交换生在香港过了一年,Linda表现得比她的同龄人更为成熟。Havingspent解析:动词spend与主句主语Linda构成逻辑上的主动关系,所以使用现在分词在句中作状语。而spendthepastyear这个动作是在主句谓语appearsmoremature之前就发生的,所以使用现在分词的完成式。2.分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、结果或伴随状况。(1)表时间Turningaround,shesawanambulancedrivingup.她转过身,看见一辆救护车开了过来。(2)表原因Notknowingheraddress,Iwasn’tabletocontacther.由于不知道她的地址,我没法和她联系。(3)表让步Althoughlivingmilesaway,hestillattendedthecourse.虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。(4)表条件Takenintime,themedicinewillbequiteeffective.及时吃,这药会很有效的。(5)表方式Heearnsalivingdrivingatruck.他靠开卡车谋生。(6)表结果4Itrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthatcountry.大雨滂沱,造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。(7)表伴随Iofferedthemsomethingtoeat,thinkingtheymightbehungry.我给了他们一些东西吃,心想他们可能会饿。对接高考④____________(order)overaweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.这些书是一个星期以前订购的,现在随时都可能到货。Ordered解析:本空动词位于句首,不是祈使句,须用非谓语动词;order与books是逻辑上的被动关系,应用过去分词作状语表示被动或已发生。3.现在分词(短语)强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时,前面可带when,while,after,before,since等从属连词。Whilecrossingthestreet,youmustbecareful.=Whileyoucrossthestreet,youmustbecareful.当你穿过马路时,一定要小心。Ⅰ用所给动词的适当形式填空1.Mikewasn’ttallenough____________(reach)theclockonthewall.答案:toreach2.I’msorry____________(trouble)you,butcouldyoushowmehowtousethemachine?答案:totrouble3.Wearesurprised____________(hear)thatourfootballteamfailedthematch.答案:tohear4.Themandoesn’tknowwhattodo____________(stop)hisbabyfromcrying.答案:tostop5.Theyhavetostandthere____________(wait)forthebuseveryday.答案:waiting6.MissWucamein,____________(follow)bytwoboys.5答案:followed7.____________(inspire)bySangLan’sstory,thestudentsdecidetoworkharderattheirlessons.答案:Inspired8.If____________(give)moretime,Iwilldoitbetter.答案:given9.While____________(learn)inschool,youshouldobeytherulesoftheschool.答案:learning10.____________(make)ourplan,wewillputitintopractice.答案:HavingmadeⅡ语法与写作1.I’msorry________________________________(听说你病了).答案:tohearthatyouareill2.Heranfastsoas________________________________(以便赶上第一班车).答案:tocatchthefirstbus3.Hesearchedtheroomonly____________________(什么都没找到).答案:tofindnothing4.____________________________________(从塔顶上看),theriverlookslikeasnake.答案:Seenfromthetopofthetower5.________________________(在找到旅馆之后),welookedforsomewheretohavedinner.答案:Havingfoundahotel6.________________________________(不知道如何到那里),hewenttoaskapolicemanforhelp.答案:Notknowinghowtogetthere7.Doyouhaveaknife__________________________(切西瓜).答案:tocutthewatermelon8.______________________________(对他所做的事情很满意),theteacherpraisedhiminclass.6答案:Satisfiedwithwhathedid9.Heranveryfast,________________________________________(打破了我们学校的纪录).答案:breakingtherecordofourschool10.__________________________(已经失败了两次),hedidn’twanttotryagain.答案:Havingfailedtwice如何写正反观点类议论文文体感知正反观点类议论文针对一些社会热门话题或贴近生活的话题展开讨论,并表明自己的看法和观点。此类文章一般结构如下:第一段:提出论点或一个问题。第二段:主体。论点提出后,我们就要根据汉语提示部分提供的事实,摆出正反双方的论据进行分析、论证,使论点得到足够的支持。因此,描述正反双方时常用Some...however(while,but)some...;引入论据时常用表示递进关系的过渡词besides,also,even,what’smore,too,inaddition等,也用表示列举的firstly,secondly,thirdly,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand等。第三段:结尾。对正反双方的观点及理由进行陈述后,在结尾部分我们就要得出结论并发表自己的观点。这部分常用的词语有:Itismyopinionthat...,inmyopinion,inaword,ashasbeensaid,finally,therefore等。增分佳句1.Differentpeopleholddifferentopinions.2.Differentpeoplehavedifferentviewson...3.Peoplehavetakendifferentattitudestowards...4.Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.5.Itisoftensaidthat...6.Withregardto...,quiteafewpeoplearguethat...,butotherpeoplethinkdifferently.77.Someofthemholdtheopinionthat...8.However,eachcoinhastwosides.9.Inmyopinion,thispointofviewdoesn’tholdwater.10.AsfarasI’mconcerned,Ibelievethat...写作模板Recently,wehavehadadiscussionabout主题.Opinionsaredividedonit.Thosewhoareinfavoroftheideathinkthat原因一.What’smore,原因二.Moreover,原因三.However,thosewhoareagainsttheideathink原因一.Besides,原因二.Finally,原因三.Personally,个人观点.Onlyinthiswaycanwe...写作要求克隆人这一话题在世界上引起了激烈的争论。请你根据以下提示,用英语写一篇题为“OnHumanClo