INDUSTRYANALYSISMAPPINGINDUSTRYPATTERNSANDDEVELOPMENTSTOGAINMARKETINSIGHTSProf.Dr.GEJianxinAutumnSemester,2015/2016gejianxin@cufe.edu.cnAgenda•Review:entry;determinantsofentry•1.Limitpricing•2.Predatorypricing•3.Innovation•4.Verticalintegration•5.Merger&Acquisition1.1LimitPricing•Whatwillhappenifthedominantfirmsraisetheirpricehighenough?•Dominantfirmsfacenewentryiftheyraisetheirpricehighenough.Consequentlythereisabarriersofsome“height”againstnewentry.Thebarrierheightcanrangefromzerotoveryhigh.Theincumbentfirm’spricecanberaiseduptothatheightwithoutstimulatingnewentry:abovethatlimitprice,entrywilloccur.Intheextremecase,entrymaybefree,withnobarrieratall.Thentheentrythreatwoulddominatetheindustry’spricing,becauseitwouldtightlyrestraintheincumbentfirm.Limitpricing•Theactofsettingasellingpricejustbelowthelevelatwhichothersellerswouldfinditprofitabletoenteramarket.•Alimitpriceisthepricesetbyamonopolisttodiscourageentryintoamarket,andisillegalinmanycountries.•Thelimitpriceisthepricethatapotentialentrantwouldfaceuponenteringaslongastheincumbentfirmdidnotdecreaseoutput.Thelimitpriceisoftenlowerthantheaveragecostofproductionorjustlowenoughtomakeenteringnotprofitable.Suchapricingstrategyiscalledlimitpricing.1.1阻止性定价(limitpricing)•阻止性定价也称限制性定价.•在简单的限制性定价模型中,潜在的进入者相信新厂商进入后已存厂商不会改变产量.而且,新进入厂商相信整个产业的总产量将等于其自身的产量加上已存厂商目前的产量.产量的增加将导致价格的下降.已存厂商将其产量以及与之相联系的价格确定在能够阻止其他厂商进入的水平之上,且又可以保证自己获得利润.该策略行为与进入壁垒(绝对成本优势、规模经济、产品差别化等)密切相关。•——绝对成本优势与阻止进入定价•——规模经济优势与阻止进入定价CaseofGalanz•WhycouldGalanzsuccessfullyimplementlimitpricing?•What’syouropinionabouttheeffectoflimitpricing?阻止进入行为的启示•——经营者在计划未来时必须考虑未知的竞争对手-新进入者•——通过建立新工厂进入的多样化经营的竞争者,尽管为数不多,却由于其规模较大可能会威胁现有企业•——经营者应该预期到大部分新进入者很快会失败•——经营者应该知道其所在行业的进入与退出条件2.掠夺性定价(predatorypricing)•Predatorypricingisthepracticeofprovidingservicesatpricesthatarelowenoughtodrivecompetitorsoutofamarket,soastomonopolisethemarket.Thereisconsiderabledebateaboutwhatpricesandwhatconductconstitutepredatorypricing.Whilethecompetitionlawsofvariouscountriesdiffer,itisgenerallyagreedthatanumberofelementsmustexisttoconstitutepredatorypricing.•Generally,thefollowingelementsmustexisttoconstitutepredatorypricing:•**Thepredatormusthavemarketpowertounilaterallyincreaseitsprices.•**Thepredatormustchargepricesthatfallbelowapredatorypricestandard.(Thisstandardvariessomewhatbetweencountries.•**Generally,incompetitionlaw,pricesinthissectormustbebelowaverageTotalCosts,andnearorbelowAveragevariableCosts.Inthetelecommunicationssector,pricesmustusuallybebelowLongRunIncrementalCosts(LRIC)orTotalServiceLongRunIncrementalCosts(TSRIC).•**Theremustbeevidenceofaclearpolicyofsellingatpredatoryprices,notjustsporadicorreactivepricecutting.•**Normally,theremustbeareasonableexpectationthatthepredatorwillbeabletorecoupitslossesafteritspredationends(e.g.aftercompetitorsaredrivenoutofthemarket)掠夺定价(predatorypricing)•——概念:掠夺定价是指一个厂商开始时降低价格将竞争对手驱出市场并吓退潜在的进入者.当竞争对手消失后,该厂商再提高价格.•——可以从以下三方面理解掠夺定价•第一,它是一种暂时性的降价,其目的是排挤竞争对手;•第二,实施掠夺性定价的厂商在短期内会亏损,但是消费者可以获利;•第三,其实施者往往是大厂商.•——对掠夺性定价的评价:•第一,很难将已存在厂商的行为和竞争者的行为区别开来.因为如果各厂商的成本是相同的,竞争者同样可以对已存在厂商采取同样策略.•第二,如果竞争者进入和退出产业的成本不高,那么已存在厂商很难实行这一定价方式.因为当已存厂商实行掠夺性定价时,它就可以将资产转移到其他产业;当实行掠夺性定价的厂商提高价格时,竞争对手再进入该产业;•第三,这一策略假定已存在厂商是大企业,竞争对手或潜在进入厂商是小企业,大企业能够经受住损失而小企业不能.为什么其他大企业不能进入?为什么现实中是大企业与小企业并存?•——对掠夺性定价模型的修正:•这一模型的关键是要使竞争对手或潜在进入者形成惧怕已存厂商的心态.因此,对这一模型的修正是,假定厂商之间具有差异,即各厂商的地位是不对称的,一些厂商可以利用这种不对称性来获得某种优势.现实生活中的掠夺定价•椰树集团与椰风集团的价格战•常言道:“舍不得孩子套不住狼”。经济实力雄厚的企业集团,通常采取多元化的发展战略,某种产品或系列产品中某个品种暂时亏本经营,对它也不会伤筋动骨。因此,这类企业集团往往为了挤垮竞争对手,扩大市场占有率,而采取选择某种产品或系列产品中的某个品种,亏本销售。•海南省曾经爆发过“两椰”之争。海南有两家以生产天然果汁饮料闻名的企业集团,一家是椰树集团,另一家是椰风集团,椰子汁和芒果汁分别是两家企业的拳头产品。有一年,在马口铁、白糖等生产原料价格持续上涨的情况下,椰树集团将其生产的椰树芒果汁出厂价从每听1.78元大幅度下降到1.40元。椰风集团认为,椰树集团这是以低于成本价倾销芒果汁。因为在质量保证的前提下,每听芒果汁的利润本来就只有几分钱,椰树集团此举的目的是用非主导产品冲击竞争对手的主导产品,以达到挤垮竞争对手、占领市场的目的。椰风集团情急之下,上书政府有关部门要求主持公道,制止椰树集团舍本倾销行为。同时,椰风集团准备生产椰子汁,以1.38元一听的价格出售,对椰树集团来个以其人之道还治其人之身的报复行为。•海南省政府对“两椰”之争非常重视,责成省工业厅协调处理,引导和督促企业停止恶性竞争。不能解决的问题,则由省工商局依法处理。经过8次协调,椰树集团终于答应停止舍本倾销芒果汁的行为。同时,补偿给椰风集团造成的损失200万元。“两椰”之争终于平息。PricediscriminationPricediscriminationexistswhensalesofidenticalgoodsorservicesaretransactedatdifferentpricesfromthesameprovider.Inatheoreticalmarketwithperfectinformation,perfectsubstitutes,andnotransactioncostsorprohibitiononsecondaryexchange(orreselling)topreventarbitrage,pricediscriminationcanonlybefeatureofmonopolisticandoligopolisticmarkets,wheremarketpowercanbeexercised.•Preconditionsfordiscrimination•1.Demandelasticitiesdiffersharplyamonggroupsofbuyers.•2.Thesellercanidentifyandseparatethebuyersonthebasisofthesedifferingelasticities.•3.Thesellercanpreventthelow-pricebuyersfromresellingthegoodtothehigh-pricebuyers.3.Innovation•Technologicalprogressisclarifiedby8basicsetsofconcepts.(P.116-118)-Invention-Innovation-Imitation-Processandproductinnovations-Autonomousandinducedchanges-Technologicalopportunity-Thereplacementeffect4.Verticalintegration•Inmicroeconomicsandmanagement,thetermverticalintegrationdescribesastyleofgrowthandmanagementcontrol.Verticallyintegratedcompaniesinasupplychainareunitedthroughacommonowner.Usuallyeachmemberofthesuppl