中山大学国际商学院管理学chap02

nintheditionSTEPHENP.ROBBINSPowerPointPresentationbyCharlieCookTheUniversityofWestAlabamaMARYCOULT[e-mail]13710600601LEARNINGOUTLINEFollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter.•HistoricalBackgroundofManagement•Explainwhystudyingmanagementhistoryisimportant.•Describesomeearlyevidencesofmanagementpractice.•ScientificManagement•DescribetheimportantcontributionsmadebyFredrickW.TaylorandFrankandLillianGilbreth.•Explainhowtoday’smanagersusescientificmanagement.LEARNINGOUTLINE(cont’d)FollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter.•GeneralAdministrativeTheory•DiscussFayol’scontributionstomanagementtheory.•DescribeMaxWeber’scontributiontomanagementtheory.•Explainhowtoday’smanagersusegeneraladministrativetheory.•QuantitativeApproach•Explainwhatthequantitativeapproachhascontributedtothefieldofmanagement.•Discusshowtoday’smanagersusethequantitativeapproach.LEARNINGOUTLINE(cont’d)FollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter.•TowardUnderstandingOrganizationalBehavior•DescribethecontributionsoftheearlyadvocatesofOB.•ExplainthecontributionsoftheHawthorneStudiestothefieldofmanagement.•Discusshowtoday’smanagersusethebehavioralapproach.•TheSystemsApproach•Describeanorganizationusingthesystemsapproach.•Discusshowthesystemsapproachhelpsusmanagement.LEARNINGOUTLINE(cont’d)FollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter.•TheContingencyApproach•Explainhowthecontingencyapproachdiffersfromtheearlytheoriesofmanagement.•Discusshowthecontingencyapproachhelpsusunderstandmanagement.•CurrentIssuesandTrends•Explainwhyweneedtolookatthecurrenttrendsandissuesfacingmanagers.•Describethecurrenttrendsandissuesfacingmanagers.HistoricalBackgroundofManagement•AncientManagementEgypt(pyramids)andChina(GreatWall)Venetians(floatingwarshipassemblylines)•AdamSmithPublished“TheWealthofNations”in1776Advocatedthedivisionoflabor(劳动分工)(jobspecialization，工作专门化)toincreasetheproductivityofworkers•IndustrialRevolutionSubstitutedmachinepowerforhumanlaborCreatedlargeorganizationsinneedofmanagement管理的历史背景（中国）•治国思想“行仁德之政”、“因民之所利而利之”、“从民所欲，去民所恶，乃为政之宝”•《孙子兵法》——“为将之道”的战略强调调查：“兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也”强调环境分析：“故经之以五事校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。”强调对比分析：“知彼知己，百战不殆，不知彼而知自己，一胜一负，不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。”•儒家思想“仁、义、理、智、信”2019/9/98抓霸放色：管仲的齐国CEO之道•从某种程度上来说，丞相之于天子，就像职业经理人之于老板。经营一个国家，与经营一个企业有着曲异同工之妙。•管仲是春秋战国时期，齐国“老板”齐桓公从鲁国聘请的著名“职业经理人”，在“齐管”这对黄金搭档配合下，将一个弱小的齐国经营成当时最为强大的霸主。•其经验与教训实在值得现代职业经理人借鉴。2019/9/99引进自己的高管团队•经鲍叔牙推荐，管仲与齐桓公谈了三天三夜，大有相见恨晚之意。齐桓公当即任命管仲为齐国丞相，但遭管仲拒绝。•就在齐桓公纳闷的时候，管仲不失时机地抛出了自己的团队观：“臣闻大厦之成，非一木之材；大海之润，非一流之归也。君必欲成其大志，则用五杰。”那“五杰”，即隔朋、宁越、成父、宾须无、东郭牙五人也。•作为一个杰出的CEO，管仲在向老板推荐自己的管理团队采取的策略是十分英明的。2019/9/910抓“霸”放“色”•在齐桓公与管仲的数十年合作经营中，首先是目标清晰——“举霸业，服天下”。•在齐桓公任用管仲之初曾担心：“我很好色，对霸业会有害吗？”管仲回答说：“无害！”当齐桓公问及什么对霸业有害时，管仲称：“不知贤，害霸；知贤不用，害霸；用而不任，害霸；任而复以小人参之，害霸。”•管仲的回答，齐桓公很高兴，于是，他把绝大多数政治和经济事务交给管仲全权办理，而自己则深居王宫，行“好色”之事，齐国反而强大起来。管仲改革•在全国划分政区，组织军事编制，设官吏管理；三十家为一邑，十邑为一卒，十卒为一乡，三乡为一县，十县为一属，全国共五属，设五大夫。•建立选拔人才制度，士经三审选，可为“上卿之赞”•“相地而衰征”----按土地分等征税；•发展盐铁业，铸造货币，设“轻重九府”，根据丰歉来收散粮食和物品，调剂物价。•外交上“尊王攘夷”。©2007PrenticeHall,Inc.Allrightsreserved.2–112019/9/912西方管理的伦理基础•新教伦理：勤奋、节俭、“天职”。•自由伦理：freedom；liberty。•市场伦理：竞争、契约。Exhibit2–1DevelopmentofMajorManagementTheories2–14MajorApproachestoManagement•ScientificManagement科学管理•GeneralAdministrativeTheory一般行政管理•QuantitativeManagement定量管理•OrganizationalBehavior组织行为•SystemsApproach系统方法•ContingencyApproach权变理论ScientificManagement•FredrickWinslowTaylor弗雷德里克.温斯洛.泰罗The“father”ofscientificmanagementPublishedPrinciplesofScientificManagement(1911)Thetheoryofscientificmanagement–Usingscientificmethodstodefinethe“onebestway”forajobtobedone:•Puttingtherightpersononthejobwiththecorrecttoolsandequipment.•Havingastandardizedmethodofdoingthejob.•Providinganeconomicincentivetotheworker.Exhibit2–2Taylor’sFourPrinciplesofManagement1.Developascienceforeachelementofanindividual’swork,whichwillreplacetheoldrule-of-thumbmethod.2.Scientificallyselectandthentrain,teach,anddeveloptheworker.3.Heartilycooperatewiththeworkerssoastoensurethatallworkisdoneinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofthesciencethathasbeendeveloped.4.Divideworkandresponsibilityalmostequallybetweenmanagementandworkers.Managementtakesoverallworkforwhichitisbetterfittedthantheworkers.ScientificManagement(cont’d)•FrankandLillianGilbrethFocusedonincreasingworkerproductivitythroughthereductionofwastedmotionDevelopedthemicrochronometertotimeworkermotionsandoptimizeworkperformanceTherbligs动作分类体系•HowDoToday’sManagersUseScientificManagement?UsetimeandmotionstudiestoincreaseproductivityHirethebestqualifiedemployeesDesignincentivesystemsbasedonoutputScientificManagement•整理资料：有一份文件共10页，有100份；现在第1页100份放在一叠，第2页….第10页也是如此。如何把它们重新分好100份，每份按页码排好？你一个人怎么做？如果是100页的文件，共10份呢？•拣选货物：仓库中有100种货物，你手里有10份订单，每个订单需要不同货物；你如何把这些货物拣选出来，并按订单分别堆放在指定位置？如果仓库中有10种货物，而你手中有100份订单呢？GeneralAdministrativeTheory•HenriFayolBelievedthatthepracticeofmanagementwasdistinctfromotherorganizationalfunctionsDevelopedfourteenprinciplesofmanagementthatappliedtoallorganizationalsituations•