土木工程专业钢筋混凝土结构设计毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：钢筋混凝土结构设计文献、资料英文题目：DESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURES文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：土木工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：DESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURES原文：DESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURES1.BASICCONCERPTSANDCHARACERACTERISTICSOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEPlainconcreteisformedfromhardenedmixtureofcement,water,fineaggregate,coarseaggregate(crushedstoneorgravel),airandoftenotheradmixtures.Theplasticmixisplacedandconsolidatedintheformwork,thencuredtoaccelerateofthechemicalhydrationofhencementmixandresultsinahardenedconcrete.Itisgenerallyknownthatconcretehashighcompressivestrengthandlowresistancetotension.Itstensilestrengthisapproximatelyone-tenthofitscompressivestrength.Consequently,tensilereinforcementinthetensionzonehastobeprovidedtosupplementthetensilestrengthofthereinforcedconcretesection.Forexample,aplainconcretebeamunderauniformlydistributedloadqisshowninFig.1.1(a),whenthedistributedloadincreasesandreachesavalueq=1.37KN/m,thetensileregionatthemid-spanwillbecrackedandthebeamwillfailsuddenly.Areinforcedconcretebeamifthesamesizebuthastosteelreinforcingbars(2φ16)embeddedatthebottomunderauniformlydistributedloadqisshowninFig.1.1(b).Thereinforcingbarstakeupthetensionthereaftertheconcreteiscracked.Whentheloadqisincreased,thewidthofthecracks,thedeflectionandthestressofsteelbarswillincrease.Whenthesteelapproachestheyieldingstressƒy,thedeflectionandthecrackedwidtharesolargeofferingsomewarningthatthecompressionzone.Thefailureloadq=9.31KN/m,isapproximately6.8timesthatfortheplainconcretebeam.Concreteandreinforcementcanworktogetherbecausethereisasufficientlystrongbondbetweenthetwomaterials,therearenorelativemovementsofthebarsandthesurroundingconcretecracking.Thethermalexpansioncoefficientsofthetwomaterialsare1.2×10-5K-1forsteeland1.0×10-5~1.5×10-5K-1forconcrete.Generallyspeaking,reinforcedstructurepossessfollowingfeatures:Durability.Withthereinforcingsteelprotectedbytheconcrete,reinforcedconcreteFig.1.1PlainconcretebeamandreinforcedconcretebeamIsperhapsoneofthemostdurablematerialsforconstruction.Itdoesnotrotrust,andisnotvulnerabletoefflorescence.(2)Fireresistance.Bothconcreteansteelarenotinflammablematerials.Theywouldnotbeaffectedbyfirebelowthetemperatureof200℃whenthereisamoderateamountofconcretecovergivingsufficientthermalinsulationtotheembeddedreinforcementbars.(3)Highstiffness.Mostreinforcedconcretestructureshavecomparativelylargecrosssections.Asconcretehashighmodulusofelasticity,reinforcedconcretestructuresareusuallystifferthanstructuresofothermaterials,thustheyarelesspronetolargedeformations,Thispropertyalsomakesthereinforcedconcretelessadaptabletosituationsrequiringcertain1.37kn/m6m200400(a)plainconcretebeam9.31kn/m6m200400(b)Reinfocedconcretebeam2φ16flexibility,suchashigh-risebuildingsunderseismicload,andparticularprovisionshavetobemadeifreinforcedconcreteisused.(4)Locallyavailableresources.Itisalwayspossibletomakeuseofthelocalresourcesoflabourandmaterialssuchasfineandcoarseaggregates.Onlycementandreinforcementneedtobebroughtinfromoutsideprovinces.(5)Costeffective.Comparingwithsteelstructures,reinforcedconcretestructuresarecheaper.(6)Largedeadmass,Thedensityofreinforcedconcretemayreach2400~2500kg/m3.Comparewithstructuresofothermaterials,reinforcedconcretestructuresgenerallyhaveaheavydeadmass.However,thismaybenotalwaysdisadvantageous,particularlyforthosestructureswhichrelyonheavydeadweighttomaintainstability,suchasgravitydamandotherretainingstructure.Thedevelopmentanduseoflightweightaggregatehavetoacertainextentmakeconcretestructurelighter.(7)Longcuringperiod..Itnormallytakesacuringperiodof28dayunderspecifiedconditionsforconcretetoacquireitsfullnominalstrength.Thismakestheprogressofreinforcedconcretestructureconstructionsubjecttoseasonalclimate.Thedevelopmentoffactoryprefabricatedmembersandinvestmentinmetalformworkalsoreducetheconsumptionoftimberformworkmaterials.(8)Easilycracked.Concreteisweakintensionandiseasilycrackedinthetensionzone.Reinforcingbarsareprovidednottopreventtheconcretefromcrackingbuttotakeupthetensileforce.Somostofthereinforcedconcretestructureinserviceisbehavinginacrackedstate.Thisisaninherentissubjectedtoacompressiveforcebeforeworkingloadisapplied.Thusthecompressedconcretecantakeupsometensionfromtheload.2.HISTOEICALDEVELPPMENTOFCONCRETESTRUCTUREAlthoughconcreteanditscementitious(volcanic)constituents,suchaspozzolanicash,havebeenusedsincethedaysofGreek,theRomans,andpossiblyearlierancientcivilization,theuseofreinforcedconcreteforconstructionpurposeisarelativelyrecentevent,In1801,F.Concretepublishedhisstatementofprinciplesofconstruction,recognizingtheweaknessifconcreteintension,ThebeginningofreinforcedconcreteisgenerallyattributedtoFrenchmanJ.L.Lambot,whoin1850constructed,forthefirsttime,asmallboatwithconcreteforexhibitioninthe1855World’sFairinParis.InEngland,W.B.Wilkinsonregisteredapatentforreinforcedconcretel=floorslabin1854.J.Monier,aFrenchgardenerusedmetalframesasreinforcementtomakegardenplantcontainersin1867.Before1870,Monierhadtakenaseriesofpatentsto