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1100aba+b=0aba-a2abab0ab=11aba1a01-130400522706a|a|00|a|=a0a|a|=-aa7|a|(0)0(0)(0)aaaaaa(0)(0)aaaaa(0)(0)aaaaa8|x|=a(a0)x=a9AAxBBx|AB|=|Ax-Bx|2ABxxAAxAyBBxBy|AB|=22()()ABABxxyyC2ABxx2AByyAx|Ay|y|Ax|22AAxyAx=BxAyByAByAy=ByAxBxABx10a10n1a10n21aa2nn11n11121200131412015a+b=b+a(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)16a-b=a+-b171218019ab=ba(ab)c=a(bc)a(b+c)=ab+ac20000ab=a1b(b0)211234-11-1-151100673222324025260271228aman=am+n(mn)29amn=amn(mn)abn=ambn(n)43031(a+b)(a-b)=a2-b2(ab)2=a22ab+b232a22ab+b22(a+b)2=(a-b)2+4ab33aman=am-n(amnmn)34a0=1(a0)a-p=1pa(ap)3536373839a2-b2=(a+b)(a-b)a22ab+b2=(ab)2404142BABB=043(0,0)AAMAMBMBBMBM445;acacacadadbdbdbdbcbc4546AAAABBBB47;ababacadbcadbccccbdbdbdbd48nnnaabb49500051125253541xax2=axaa0000xax2=axaa00a2xax3=axa0055566572(0)(0)aaaaaa(0,0)ababab(0,0)aaabbb582(0)aaaababaabb596061x10(0)axba1220(0)axbxca621021x=a34520axbxc(0)a24bac24bac020axbxc(0)a24bac=0720axbxc(0)a24bac020axbxc(0)a61x2x20axbxc(0)a12bxxa12cxxa720axbxc(0)a0c00abc10abc-163axb10abxa2a=0b03a=0b=064111222axbycaxbyc11122abab2111222abcabc3111222abcabc65a,b,c24bac224(40)2bbacxbaca1666768==aa10697011223371128721273123474(0)ykxbky0y0751+27612xya,00,b++-+--+-3P(a,b)xy(a,-b),(-a,b),(-a,-b)P(a,b)y=xy=-x((b,a),(-b,-a)P(a,b)y=y0x=x0((a,2y0-b),(2x0-a,b)4a,ay=x-a,a(a,-a)77(x,y)nn0(x,y+n)(x,y-n)n9nn0(x+n,y)(x-n,y)nnn1(x,ny)nnn1(nx,y)nnn1(x,yn)1nnn1(xn,y)1nnn1(nx,ny)n2nn1(xn,yn)21n78xy12xy79xyxyyxxy80xyP(x,y)PPP(x,y)1081821ykxbkkb2k3831bk00b001k|k|1kxx|k|1kxx2k0yxk0yx3k0,b0k0,b0k0,b0k0,b0k0k0b0b041111:lykb2222:lykb122112,kkbbll122112,kkbblly12121kkllb0b=0b0k0yxk0yxOxOxOxOxOxOxyyyyyy118485123861kx+b=y0(y0)ykxby=y02y1kx+b2(y1,y2y1y2)ykxby1y23kx+b0kx+b0y0ykxby0y0871kyxkkx2kk=xy88k0k0k0yxk0yxy=xy=-x89kk0k0ykxkO(1,k)O(1,k)xyxy12O(1,k)yxyxkyxkyxyx90123912yaxbxcabca22yaxbxc12()()yaxxxx1x02x0xx2()yaxhkhk9212yaxbxc2ba244acba2bxaabyabyb=0y2a0a0|a||a||a|3a02bxay244acbaa02bxay244acba42yaxbxca02bxayx2bxayxa02bxayx2bxayx5y(0,c)c0yc0yc=0O(1,k)xyxy1393abcy2aba-b+cx=-1y4a-2b+cx=-2y1a+b+c-1a-b+c(-24a-2b+c)0=009495962yaxbxcxA1x0B2x01|AB|=|2x-1x|=24||baca122xxx9798991121()nxxxxn2'xxa'iixxa3112212kkkfxfxfxxfffifix1001012222121[()()()]nsxxxxxxn12,,,nxxx2ss1422222121(]nsxxxnxn22'2'2'2'121(]nsxxxnxn102123600345103=1041234510512,,,nxxxx2SS12,,,nxaxaxaxa2SS12,,,nkxkxkxkx22kSkS12,,,nkxakxakxakxa22kSkS106151071081090~1p1101111121131141151161612345678117118119012120900180036000090090018001211=601=601=2=41221528254258123(1)1232nnn124125+=900+=180012617127128129130131132133134180135SASASAAASSSSHL,,,136123