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Chapter2MANAGEMENTYESTERDAYANDTODAY2-1Youshouldlearnto:–Discussmanagement’srelationshiptootheracademicfieldsofstudy–Explainthevalueofstudyingmanagementhistory–Identifysomemajorpre-twentieth-centurycontributionstomanagement–Summarizethecontributionsofthescientificmanagementadvocates–DescribethecontributionsofthegeneraladministrativetheoristsLearningObjectives2-2LearningObjectives(cont.)Youshouldlearnto:–Summarizethequantitativeapproachtomanagement–Describethecontributionsoftheearlyorganizationalbehavioradvocates–ExplaintheimportanceoftheHawthorneStudiestomanagement–Describetheeffectsof:globalization,workforcediversity,entrepreneurship,e-business,flexibilityandinnovation,qualitymanagement,learningorganizations,andworkplacespirituality2-3Management’sConnectionToOtherFieldsAcademicDisciplinesthatAffectedManagement–Anthropology-workonculturesandsocialenvironments–Economics-concernabouttheallocationanddistributionofscarceresources–Philosophy-examinesthenatureofthings–Politicalscience-effectofpoliticalenvironmentonindividualsandgroups–Psychology-seekstomeasure,explain,andchangehumanbehavior–Sociology-studiespeopleinrelationtotheirfellowhumanbeings2-4Behumble,letimperialismgo!DevelopmentOfMajorManagementTheoriesHistoricalBackgroundScientificManagementGeneralAdministrativeTheoristsQuantitativeApproachManagementTheoriesIndustrialRevolutionAdamSmithEarlyAdvocatesHawthorneStudiesOrganizationalBehavior2-6EarlyExamplesofManagementHistoricalBackgroundOfManagementOrganizationsHaveExistedforThousandsofYears–testifiestotheexistenceofearlymanagementpractice•abilitytocreatethePyramids,GreatWallofChinaSignificantPre-Twentieth-CenturyEvents–WealthofNations-AdamSmith•divisionoflabor-breakdownofjobsintonarrowandrepetitivetasksincreasedproductivity–IndustrialRevolution•substitutionofmachinepowerforhumanpower•largeorganizationsrequiredformalmanagement2-7ScientificManagementF.W.Taylor-PrinciplesofScientificManagement–useofscientificmethodstodefinethe“onebestway”forajobtobedone–perspectiveofimprovingtheproductivityandefficiencyofmanualworkers–appliedthescientificmethodtoshopfloorjobsFrankandLillianGilbreth–useofmotionpicturestostudyhand-and-bodymovements–microchronometer–therbligs-classificationsystemfor17basichandmotions2-8IllustrationTheBethlehemSteelCompanyHandlingpigironOldway:12andhalftonsperdayperworker,paid$1.15Newway:47tonsperdayperwork;paid$1.85.Correctmovement,toolsandsequencingTimeandmotionstudyOrdinaryManagementV.S.ScientificManagementOrdinaryManagement:--differentwaysofdoingwork--learnthroughexperience--workman’sinitiative--variousincentiveScientificManagement:--onebestway--code,analyze,anddescribeeachjob--initiativefrommanagement--materialincentiveEXHIBIT2.2:TAYLOR’SFOURPRINCIPLESOFMANAGEMENT2-11SeparationofplanandexecutionPlanversusexecutionHeadversushandTaskspecifieswhatistobedone,howitistobedone,andexacttimeallowedfordoingitCritiqueofSMWhatprogresshasSMmadecomparedtopreviousmanagement?WhatelementsinSMarestillrelevantincontemporarymanagement?ProblemsofSM德胜洋楼清洁马桶的流程一倒——在马桶内上沿均匀地倒一圈“威猛”洗洁剂；二泡——让洗洁剂浸泡10分钟，此时可先擦马桶的隔离门、洗手池等；三刷——用毛刷刷干净马桶；四冲——放水把马桶冲干净；五湿擦——用湿布将马桶内外及踏脚处擦一遍，放刷子的底座内的水也要擦干净；六干擦——用干布把马桶外围及桶内水线以上部分的水迹擦干©ZhangJianjunHarryBraverman’sCritiqueThreeprinciples:First,dissociationofthelaborprocessfromtheskillsoftheworkers.Second,separationofconceptionfromexecution.Third,management’suseofmonopolyoverknowledgetocontroleachstepofthelaborprocessanditsmodeofexecution.GeneralAdministrativeTheoristsHenriFayol–concernedwithmakingtheoverallorganizationmoreeffective–developedtheoriesofwhatconstitutedgoodmanagementpractice•proposedauniversalsetofmanagementfunctions•publishedprinciplesofmanagement–fundamental,teachablerulesofmanagementEXHIBIT2.3:FAYOL’S14PRINCIPLESOFMANAGEMENT2-17GeneralAdministrativeTheorists(cont.)MaxWeber–developedatheoryofauthoritystructuresandrelations–Bureaucracy-idealtypeoforganization•divisionoflabor•clearlydefinedhierarchy•detailedrulesandregulations•impersonalrelationships2-18EXHIBIT2.4:WEBER’SIDEALBUREAUCRACY2-19ThepositionoftheofficialVocationanddutySocialesteemAppointedTenureforlife,autonomySalaryCareerladder,seniorityBureaucracyversusDemocracyBureaucracyaccompaniesmassdemocracyAppointedversuselectedResponsibleforaboveversusforbelowBureaucraticdominationversusequalitybeforethelawExpertnessversusaccessibilityQuantitativeApproachToManagementOperationsResearch(ManagementScience)–useofquantitativetechniquestoimprovedecisionmaking•applicationsofstatistics•optimizationmodels•computersimulationsofmanagementactivities–Linearprogramming-improvesresourceallocationdecisions–Critical-pathschedulinganalysis-improvesworkscheduling2-22古典管理理论理性效率放之四海而皆准只见组织不见人TowardUnderstandingOrganizationalBehaviorOrganizationalBehavior–studyoftheactionsofpeopleatwork–earlyadvocates•late1800sandearly1900s•believedthatpeoplewerethemostimportantassetoftheorganization•ideasprovidedthebasisforavarietyofhumanresourcemanagementprograms–employeeselection–employeemotivation2-24EXHIBIT2.5:EARLYADVOCATESOFOB2-25HawthorneStudies–startedin1924atWe