定语从句一.考点概述:本考点是历年高考中考查的重点,主要考查关系代词(who,which,that,whose,whom)和关系副词(when,where,why)的用法;考查形式:语法填空和短文改错;其次阅读理解和完型填空中长难句的分析等二.考点聚焦功能:相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之后例如:HeisthemanwhostudiesinUSA.本句中涉及到三个概念:1.先行词即theman:被定语从句饰的词称为先行词先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:some-,any-,every-和no与-boy,-thing的合成词;或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样可作先行词。2.引导词即who:起连接的作用引导词分两类:关系代词和关系副词关系代词:who;which;that;whose;whom关系副词:when;where;why3.从句即studiesinUSA.:引导词之后的句子。三.考点精讲1.关系代词:who;which;that;whom;whose其中关系代词who;which;that;whom用于后面的从句缺主语或宾语的情况(1)who:指代先行词是人(可做从句的主语或宾语)SheisthegirlwhoIteachinChina.(从句缺宾语)ThatisthemanwhoteachesusEnglish.(从句缺主语)(2)which:指代先行词是物(做从句的主语或宾语)ThatisthebookwhichIwant.(从句缺宾语)Thereisabirdwhichstandsinthebuilding.(从句缺主语)(3)that:指代先行词是人或物(做从句的主语或宾语)Sheisthegirlwho/thatIteachinChina.(从句缺宾语)Thereisabirdwhich/thatstandsinthebuilding.(从句缺主语)(4)whom;指代先行词是人,但只用于从句是缺宾语的情况。Sheisthegirlwho/whomIteachinChina.(从句缺宾语)ThatisthemanwhomteachesusEnglish.(从句缺主语,本句用whom是错误的)(5)whose:指代从句中缺定语的情况(表示所属关系)Thatisthebuildingwhosewindowsbrokelastnight.(本句中的windows是属于thebuilding构成一种所属关系即缺少building’s)2.关系副词:when;where;why(该三个词主要用于从句是不缺主语或是宾语的情况即从句是个完整句)(1)when:指代先行词表时间如:time;month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介词+which)Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIcametoBeijing.(该从句是一个完整的句子,先行词是theday在从句中需要加个介词on来做状语的成分即IcametoBeijingontheday)(2)where:指代先行词是地点的词如:place;house;school;也可以是模糊的词如:point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介词+which)Thatistheplacewhere/inwhichIwasborn.(该从句Iwasborn也是一个完整句,即不缺主语或宾语的,此时where可以换成inwhich)(3)why:指代先行词是表原因的词即:reason(形式上只能是等于for+which)Thatisthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaslateforschool.四.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。Thehouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasalovelygarden.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Istillremembertheday,whenIcametoBeijing.五.总结定语从句三步法:1.找出先行词2.判断从句是不是完整句:完整句考虑关系副词:when;where;why不是完整句考虑关系代词:that;who;which;whom;whose3.选择合适的关系词注意:(1)定语从句中是没有引导词what;(2)非限制性定语从句中无引导词that;Thehouse,thatIboughtlastyear,hasalovelygarden.(错误)改为Thehouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasalovelygarden.(3)先行词做从句的宾语时,可省引导词ThatisthebookwhichIwant.(从句缺宾语)可改为ThatisthebookIwant.(4)在定语从句中,当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which1.先行词被①形容词最高级②序数词③数词几种词修饰或被④only、any、few、little、no、all、oneof等修饰时。2.先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。3.先行词中既有人又有物时。Hewaslookingpleasantlyattechildrenandparcelsthatfilledhisbus.4.先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。Thevillageisnolongertheonethatwas5yearsago.5.当主句中含有疑问词which时。Whicharethebooksthatyouboughtforme?(5)宜用which而不用that的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中(2)在关系词前有介词时(3)当先行词本身是that时(4)当关系词离先行词较远时2015年—2019年全国卷语法专项语法填空1.I’dskippednearbyGuilin,adreamplacefortouristsseekingthelimestonemountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver___arepicturedbyartistsinsomanyChinesepaintings.(2015年全国1)解析:本句中的从句是缺主语的,所以考虑关系代词,通过判断先行词是mountaintopsanddarkwatersoftheLiRiver,表示物所以填that或which。2.ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,_____IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.(2016年全国1)解析:本句意思是我和熊猫的关联要追溯到20世纪80年代,那时我是第一个西方的记者。通过判断本句是个非限制性定语从句,而从句是完整句考虑关系副词,先行词是the1980s,表示时间所以填when3.SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,livedfromroughly551to479B.C.,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.(2016年全国3)解析:一些人认为伟大的中国学者孔子,生活在公园前的551到479,影响了筷子的发展。本句的从句是缺主语,考虑关系代词,先行词是ChinesescholarConfucius,表示人,所以填who。4.Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth,isnotgoodforthehealth.(2017年全国1)解析:本题通过判断是考查非限制性定语从句,从句是缺主语,考虑关系代词,先行词是前面整个句子,表示个事件,填which。5.ButSarah,hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017年全国3)解析:Sarah和顶级模特已经参加了表演,想证明她有智慧和美丽。本句的从句是缺主语,先行词是Sarah,表示人,填who。6.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014________showedamerefiveto10minutesdayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses.(2018年全国1)解析:两个评论家也做了研究,在2014年被发表,这项研究表明5到10分钟跑步可以减少心脏病和早死的风险。本句中的从句缺少主语,考虑关系代词,先行词是study,填that或which。7.TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernmentstartedasoil-testingprogram________givesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers-and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.(2018年全国2)解析:政府开始了一项土壤测试项目,这个项目对农民给出了具体的建议。本句中从句缺少主语考虑关系代词,先行词是program,填that或which。8.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,____sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.(2019年全国2)解析:IreneAstbury每天在宠物店从9点到5点工作,她和她后来的丈夫创办的。本句考查的是非限制性定语从句,因为从句sheopened后缺少宾语,考虑关系代词,先行词是shop,表示物,填which。9.Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyapackofdogs,seventobeexact.Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019年全国3)解析:这些狗都受到了主人的良好训练,并且这些狗主人在照顾动物上有丰富的经验。本句中从句是hadgreatexperience前没有主语,考虑关系代词,先行词是theirmasters,表示物,填who。短文改错1.Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.(2017年全国2)解析:在空闲时间,他们在花园里种蔬菜很感兴趣,而这些花园是在他们的屋顶上。本句中定语从句thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.前有个逗号,所以是非限制性定语从句,把that改为which2.Aroundmeinthepicturearethethingstheywereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime:carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.(2017年全国3)解析:在照片中,我的周围是那时我生命中非常重要的东西:车刊和乐器。本句的中的从句theywereveryimportant修饰thethings来做定语,所以they改为which或that。3.Theyalsohadasm