霍桑《红字》的生态女性主义解读(可编辑)

霍桑《红字》的生态女性主义解读（可编辑）学号:2008020606研究生姓名:景小丽:Email:jxl-1984@163所在学院:外国语学院硕士学位论文论文题目:AnEcofeministReadingofHawthorne’sTheScarletLetter霍桑《红字》的生态女性主义解读学科专业名称英语语言文学申请人姓名景小丽指导教师张京生教授论文提交时间2011年6月8日单位代码10445学号2008020606分类号I106研究生类别全日制硕士AnEcofeministReadingofHawthorne’sTheScarletLetterByJingXiaoliSupervisor:Prof.ZhangJingshengAThesisSubmittedtotheEnglishDepartmentoftheForeignLanguageSchoolinCandidacyfortheMaster’sDegreeofArtsShandongNormalUniversityJi’nan,Shandong,ChinaJune,2011独创声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得(注:如没有其他需要特别声明的，本栏可空)或其他教育机构的学位或证书使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。学位论文作者签名:导师签字:学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权学校可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)学位论文作者签名:导师签字:签字日期:年月日签字日期:年月日ContentsAbstracti摘要iiiIntroduction.1ChapterOneTheoryofEcofeminism.71.1TheRiseandDevelopmentofEcofeminism71.2TheConnotationandBasicTheoryofEcofeminism91.3TheEcofeministLiteraryCriticism13ChapterTwoTheFormationofHawthorne’sEcofeministConsciousness152.1Hawthorne?sAffinitywithWomen152.2Hawthorne?sAffinitywithNature.172.3Hawthorne?sAccusationofSociety.19ChapterThreeEcofeminismEmbodiedinTheScarletLetter253.1TheInterconnectionbetweenWomenandNature253.1.1Hester?sExperiencewithSeasonalChange.273.1.2NatureandPearl.323.2OppressiontoWomenandNaturefromPatriarchy353.2.1Men?sSubjugationtoNature363.2.2Men?sSubjugationtoWomen403.2.3NatureandWitchHunts.42ChapterFourLongingforaHarmoniousRelationshipamongWomen,NatureandMen454.1TheIdealRelationamongNature,WomenandMen.454.2TheIdealRelationbetweenNatureandMen48Conclusion.53Bibliography.55Acknowledgements60Publications61山东师范大学硕士学位论文iAbstractNathanielHawthorneisoneofthemostinfluentialwritersinAmericanliteraturein19thcentury.HiscreationmainlytakesNewEnglandofColonialAmericaasthebackground,reflectingthesocialrealityoftheday.TheScarletLettershowsHawthorne,theliteraryartist,athisbest.Hawthornesetsthenovelinthe17thcentury,depictingthecrueltyofthePuritanismanditskillingofhumannature.WiththepublicationofTheScarletLetterin1850,NathanielHawthornebecamefamousasthegreatestwriterlivingthenintheUnitedStatesandhisreputationasamajorAmericanauthorhasbeenontheincreaseeversince.Somoreandmorescholarsarestudyingthenovelfromdifferentangles.Ecofeminismisaschoolofthoughtarisinginthe1970s,whichcombinesecologyandfeminism.Itcameintothefieldofliteratureinthe1990s.Ecofeminismdrawsontheapproachesofecologicalcriticismandfeministcriticism,whichconcernstherelationbetweennatureandfemale.Itholdsthatthemen?sdominationoverwomeniscloselyrelatedtomen?sdominationovernatureTheendsofecofeminismaretodeconstructanthropocentrismandadvocatebuildingakindofharmoniousrelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandnature.ThethesisconsistsofsixpartstryingtohaveanecofeministreadingofTheScarletLetterfromtheperspectiveofecofeminismIntroductionmainlyintroducesHawthorne?sliteraryachievement,hisstatusinthehistoryofliterature,thecontentofTheScarletLetter,andresearchesonthenovelbothathomeandabroad.ThenputforwardthecentralargumentofthethesisChapterOnemainlysummarizesthetheoryofecofeminism.Bysummarizingthebackground,thedevelopment,theconnotation,thecharacteristics,andthesignificanceofecofeminism,IwillprovidethetheoreticalfoundationformythesisChapterTwoanalyzesthereasonsoftheformationofHawthorne?secofeministconsciousness.ThelifeexperienceofHawthorne?smotherandtheinfluencethathiswifehasonhimmakeHawthorneponderthewomen?smarginalstatusinthepatriarchalsociety.AndHawthorne?sfamilyhistory,hispoliticalsufferingsandthe山东师范大学硕士学位论文iisocialrealitystimulatehimtoaccusethecrueltyandharshnessofpuritansocietyChapterThreemainlyanalyzestheecofeminismembodiedinTheScarletLetterfromtwoaspects.Womenandnaturearecloselyinterconnected:Hester?sfourperiodsoflifeisjustlikethefourseasonsofayear.Incompatiblewiththepuritansociety,Pearlmaintainsaharmoniousrelationshipwithnature.InthepatriarchalsocietywiththeprevailingPuritanism,natureisexploitedanddestroyedbymen.Inthemeanwhile,ananalysisoftheprotagonistHester?smarginalstatusbecauseofthe“adultery”andMistressHibbins?involvementin“witchhunt”caseshowmen?sdominationoverwomenandnaturearecloselyassociatedChapterFouranalyzesHawthorne?sidealexpectationofaharmoniousworldinthefuture,whichistorealizetheharmonyamongmale,femaleandnatureHawthornedrawsavividpictureforus?humanbeingsarelivinginharmonywithnature.Natureistherefugeandthesourceofpowerforwomen.Mancanobtainself-confirmationandsalvationinnature,andmenandwomencangetalongwitheachotherequallyinnatureTheconclusionpartfurthersummarizestheeconfeminismembodiedinTheScarletLetterthroughtheanalysisofabovechaptersKeywords:ecofeminism;nature;female;patriarchy;harmony;TheScarletLetter山东师范大学硕士学位论文iii摘要纳撒尼尔(霍桑是19世纪美国文学史上最具影响力的作家之一。他的创作多以美国殖民地时期的新英格兰为背景，反映当时的社会现实。小说《红字》最能展现出霍桑这位文学艺术家的天赋。《红字》的故事背景设置在十七世纪，描写了清教主义的残酷和它对人性的扼杀。随着1850年《红字》的出版，纳撒尼尔(霍桑成为了当时美国最知名最伟大的作家。从那时起，这位美国主流作家的呼声越来越高。从不同角度研究《红字》的学者也越来越多。生态女性主义是20世纪70年代产生的一种将生态学和女性主义想结合的思想流派，在20世纪90年代进入文学流域。它借鉴生态批评和女性批评的方法，它关心的核心问题