心理学Psycholog英文版PPT记忆和情绪

Chapter3MENTALPROCESSLipingJiaTwoquestionsWhatdidyoulearnintheclassbeforethisclass?Ifyouwin5millionlottery,howdoyoufeel?MemoryMemorypersistenceoflearningovertimeviathestorageandretrievalofinformationMemoryYourememberedwhatyoulearnedinthelastclass,thisismemory.MemoryisveryimportantforusWithoutmemory,wecannotknowourparents,friendsandsoon.Ourlifewillbeterrible.Alzheimer'sdisease=a2h0j.8191423.module_basic_relation.5~5!2~5~5!5~5~5~A&from=y1.2-1-87.3.3-1.1-1-1-2-0=dW5pb25faWQ9MTAyMjEzXzEwMDAwMl8wMV8wMQMemoryMemoryasInformationProcessingsimilartoacomputerwritetofile(encoding)savetodisk(storage)readfromdisk(retrieval)MemoryEncodingtheprocessingofinformationintothememorysystemi.e.,extractingmeaningMemoryStoragetheretentionofencodedinformationovertimeRetrievalprocessofgettinginformationoutofmemoryMemorySensoryMemorytheimmediate,initialrecordingofsensoryinformationinthememorysystemWorkingMemoryfocusesmoreontheprocessingofbrieflystoredinformationMemoryShort-TermMemoryactivatedmemorythatholdsafewitemsbrieflylookupaphonenumber,thenquicklydialbeforetheinformationisforgottenLong-TermMemorytherelativelypermanentandlimitlessstorehouseofthememorysystemASimplifiedMemoryModelExternaleventsSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemorySensoryinputAttentiontoimportantornovelinformationEncodingEncodingRetrievingEncoding:GettingInformationInEncodingEffortfulAutomaticEncodingAutomaticProcessingunconsciousencodingofincidentalinformationspacetimeEncodingEffortfulProcessingrequiresattentionandconsciouseffortEncodingEbbinghaususednonsensesyllablesTUVZOFGEKWAVthemoretimespracticedonDay1,thefewerrepetitionstorelearnonDay2SpacingEffectdistributedpracticeyieldsbetterlong-termretentionthanmassedpracticeEncoding201510508162432425364Timeinminutestakentorelearnlistonday2Numberofrepetitionsoflistonday1Encoding:SerialPositionEffect12Percentageofwordsrecalled0908070605040302010Positionofwordinlist1234567891011SerialPositionEffect--tendencytorecallbestthelastitemsinalistWhatDoWeEncode?SemanticEncodingencodingofmeaningincludingmeaningofwordsAcousticEncodingencodingofsoundespeciallysoundofwordsVisualEncodingencodingofpictureimages中英文日报导航站Imagerymentalpicturesapowerfulaidtoeffortfulprocessing,especiallywhencombinedwithsemanticencodingChillsparktrailEncodingChunkingorganizingitemsintofamiliar,manageableunitslikehorizontalorganization--1776149218121941中英文日报导航站OrganizedinformationismoreeasilyrecalledStorage:Short-TermMemoryShort-TermMemorylimitedindurationandcapacity“magical”number7+/-20102030405060708090369121518Timeinsecondsbetweenpresentationofcontestantsandrecallrequest(norehearsalallowed)PercentagewhorecalledconsonantsStorage:Long-TermMemorySubsystemsTypesoflong-termmemoriesExplicit(declarative)WithconsciousrecallImplicit(nondeclarative)WithoutconsciousrecallFacts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)Personallyexperiencedevents(“episodicmemory”)Skills-motorandcognitiveDispositions-classicalandoperantconditioningeffectsRetrieval:GettingInformationOutRecallmeasureofmemoryinwhichthepersonmustretrieveinformationlearnedearlierasonafill-in-theblanktestRecognitionMeasureofmemoryinwhichthepersonhasonlytoidentifyitemspreviouslylearnedasonamultiple-choicetestRetrievalRelearningmemorymeasurethatassessestheamountoftimesavedwhenlearningmaterialasecondtimePrimingactivation,oftenunconsciously,ofparticularassociationsinmemoryForgettingForgettingasencodingfailureInformationneverentersthelong-termmemoryExternaleventsSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemoryAttentionEncodingEncodingEncodingfailureleadstoforgettingForgettingForgettingasencodingfailureWhichpennyistherealthing?ForgettingEbbinghausforgettingcurveover30days--initiallyrapid,thenlevelsoffwithtime1234510152025301020304050600TimeindayssincelearninglistPercentageoflistretainedwhenrelearningForgettingForgettingcanresultfromfailuretoretrieveinformationfromlong-termmemoryExternaleventsAttentionEncodingEncodingRetrievalfailureleadstoforgettingRetrievalSensorymemoryShort-termmemoryLong-termmemoryForgettingasInterferenceLearningsomeitemsmaydisruptretrievalofotherinformationProactive(forwardacting)InterferencedisruptiveeffectofpriorlearningonrecallofnewinformationRetroactive(backwardsacting)Interferencedisruptiveeffectofnewlearningonrecallofoldinformation中英文日报导航站RetroactiveInterferenceWithoutinterferingevents,recallisbetterAftersleepAfterremainingawake12345678Hourselapsedafterlearningsyllables90%80706050403020100PercentageofsyllablesrecalledForgettingForgettingcanoccuratanymemorystageAsweprocessinformation,wefilter,alter,orlosemuchofitForgetting-InterferenceMotivatedForgettingpeopleunknowinglyrevisememoriesRepressiondefensemechanismthatbanishesfromconsciousnessanxiety-arousingthoughts,feelings,andmemories中英文日报导航站