在商店经理和职员之间的审查的信任作用链组织(1)

BEYONDMAINEFFECTSOFUNILATERALTRUSTONORGANIZATIONALCITIZENSHIPBEHAVIORS:EXAMININGTRUSTEFFECTSBETWEENSTOREMANAGERSANDSTAFFINCHAINORGANIZATIONSDoraC.LauDepartmentofManagementFacultyofBusinessAdministrationChineseUniversityofHongKongShatin,N.T.HongKong(Phone)[phone](Fax)[e-mail]ásPereiraS.J.TaipaMacau(Phone)[phone](Fax)[e-mail]upportedbyagrantfromtheResearchGrantsCounciloftheHongKongSpecialAdministrationRegion,China(ProjectNo.CUHK4147/03H)andadirectgrantfromtheChineseUniversityofHongKong(ProjectNo.2070281)tothefirstauthor.BeyondMainEffectsofUnilateralTrustonOrganizationalCitizenshipBehaviors:ExaminingTrustEffectsbetweenStoreManagersandStaffinChainOrganizationsABSTRACTPriorresearchoninterpersonaltrustshowedrobustfindingsonthepositiverelationshipbetweenunilateraltrustandorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviorsinverticaldyads.Drawingoninterpersonaltrustandsocialexchangetheories,weproposethatmutualtrustbetweenmanagersandstaffhasanadditionaleffectonorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviorsthatisbeyondthesumofunilateraltrust.Resultssupportourhypothesis:managers’trustforstaffmatteredmostonorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviorswhentherewaslowstaff’strustformanagers.Inaddition,wefoundthatstoresizemoderatedtherelationshipbetweenmanager’strustforstaffandorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviors.Theoreticalandpracticalimplicationswerediscussed.1BeyondMainEffectsofUnilateralTrustonOrganizationalCitizenshipBehaviors:ExaminingTrustEffectsbetweenStoreManagersandStaffinChainOrganizationsManybenefitsofinterpersonaltrustwererecognizedinrecentresearchfindings.Onerobustfindingisthatinterpersonaltrustandorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviorswerepositivelyassociated(McAllister,1995).Ameta-analyticalstudyontheantecedentsandconsequencesoftrustinleaderconfirmedthatwhensubordinatestrustedtheirleaders,theyperformedmorecitizenshipbehaviors(Dirks&Ferrin,2002).Similarly,recentfindingsshowthatwhenleaderstrusttheirsubordinates,subordinatesengageinmorecitizenshipbehaviors(Lester&Brower,2003).Bothapproachesconfirmthatapositiverelationshipbetweenunilateraltrustinverticaldyadsandorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviorsexist.However,doesunilateraltrustsuffice?Interpersonaltrustliteraturesuggeststhatinterpersonaltrustisdynamicandgrows(orwhithers)withinrelations(Zand,1972).Whenbothpartiestrusteachother,theirbeliefsandexpectationsfortheotherpartywillbereinforcedandtheirtrustforeachotherwillfollowapatternofpositivespirals.Followingthisrationale,mutualtrustmaydriveorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviorsbeyondthemaineffectsofunilateraltrust.Thesocialexchangeperspectivesuggeststhatadditionalmutualtrusteffectsarepossiblebuttherationalemaybesomewhatdifferent(Coleman,1990).Organizationalcitizenshipbehaviorsmayserveaspartoftheexchangebetweenmembersinverticaldyads.Whilesupervisorscangrantwork-relatedfavors,suchaspayraisesandtrainingopportunities,subordinates,lackingtheabovemeans,maychoosetorepaybyengaginginextra-rolebehaviors,regardlessoftheirtrustforsupervisors.Dynamicsofmutualtrustamongverticaldyadswill2likelybedifferentthanthereinforcementspiralcase.Asaresult,ourfirstresearchgoalistoexaminetheeffectsofmutualtrustonorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviors.Interpersonaltrustdoesnothappeninasocialvacuum.Someorganizationalenvironmentmaybemoretrust-inducingthanothers,thusenhancingtheeffectsoftrustonworkoutcomevariables.Inthisstudy,wealsoexaminechainstoresizeasapotentialmoderatoroftherelationshipbetweenunilateraltrustandorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviors.Whenstoresarelarge,theopportunitiesforinteractionfrequencyandintimacyamongpeopledecrease.Ifthecriticalbasesoftrustbuildingbetweenleadersandsubordinatesarereduced,maineffectsofunilateraltrustwilllikelybeaffected.Wehavechosentherelationshipbetweenchainstoremanagersandstaffasourfocusbecauseofitspervasivenessandthesolidfoundationsetbypastresearchfindingsinleader-memberexchangeliterature(e.g.,Graen&Uhl-Bein,1995)andtrust-in-leadershipliterature(e.g.,Dirks&Ferrin,2002).Inaddition,wewouldliketodifferentiateourmodelfromthehorizontalrelationships,e.g.,amongstorestaff.Thenatureofexchangeandrelationshipbuildingwillprobablybeverydifferent.Examiningtheeffectsofmutualtrustandstoresizeasamoderator,wehopetoextendourunderstandingsontherelationshipbetweeninterpersonaltrustandorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviorsbeyondtheirmaineffects.Inthispaper,wefirstdiscusstherationalebeyondthemaineffectsoftrustonorganizationalcitizenshipbehaviors.Thenwebuildourtheoreticalmodelbydrawingontheinterpersonaltrustliteratureandsocialexchangetheory.Researchdesignandresultsarethenpresented.Finally,theoreticalandpracticalimplicationsarediscussed.3LITERATUREREVIEWInterpersonaltrustreferstothe“thewillingnessofapartytobevulnerabletotheactionofanotherpartybasedontheexpectationthattheotherwillperformaparticularactionimportanttothetrustor,irrespectiveoftheabilitytomonitororcontrolthatotherparty”(Mayer,Davis,&Schoorman,1995:712).Trustenablestrustorstoassum