情绪变化的最近发展区探讨

2010135(166)()JOURNALOFZHEJIANGNORMALUNIVERSITY(SocialSciences)No.1,2010GeneralNo.166Vo.l35情绪变化的最近发展区探讨*任俊1,周凌1,罗劲2(1.浙江师范大学教师教育学院,浙江金华321004;2.中国科学院心理研究所,北京100101):通过总结过去的情绪研究成果,把个体的情绪分为四个组成区域:原始状态区(zoneofprimalfettle,简称ZPF)自我防御区(zoneofselfdefense,简称ZSD)外力援助区(zoneofouterhelp,简称ZOH)和崩溃区(zoneofbreakdowninemotion,简称ZBE),并在此分类基础上提出了情绪最近发展区(zoneofproximaldevelopment,ZPD)概念及相关理论ZPD理论认为,人的ZSD和ZOH共同组成了情绪的ZPD,只有处于ZPD区域内的情绪影响才有可能被个体所接受但在这一接受过程中,情绪影响所消耗的自我心理能量和个体对该情绪影响的接受度有一定的关联同时,ZPD内的两个组成成分会相互转化,其转化的结果便是心理学过去研究所得到的钢化效应和敏化效应ZPD理论不仅梳理了过去情绪研究的结果,还有助于解释过去情绪研究中所出现的一些困惑:情绪结构;最近发展区;过度救助:B842.6:A:10015035(2010)01007708,,,:,,(),,,:[1],,,(outcomedensityeffectordepressiverealism)[2],[3]1998,(1998)(thebroadenandbuildtheoryofpositiveemotions),[4],,,,,77*:20091110:(1966-),,,,:863(2008AA022604),,,(zoneofproximaldevelopment),,,,,(zoneofprimalfettle,ZPF)(zoneofselfdefense,ZSD)(zoneofouterhelp,ZOH)(zoneofbreakdowninemotion,ZBE),1(一)情绪的原始状态区(ZPF),,(,1),,,,,1,,:,OD(1),;,1OD,;,1OD,,,,,[5],,(二)自我防御区(ZSD),,(1),,,(),,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,(),,(selfdefensemechanisms)78,,,,图1个体情绪结构示意图注:其中N代表Negative,P代表Positive图2ZSD变化示意图注:其中N代表Negative,P代表Positive(三)外力援助区(ZOH),(Zoneofouterhelp,1),,(derive),ZSDZOH,ZSD,,2A2B2C1O()A1B1C2O()A2A1,B2B1,B2,B1,:ZSD,ZSD,(ZSD,),ZOHZOH,,ZOH,,,(四)情绪崩溃区(ZBE)ZOH,,,,(),,,()(zoneofproximaldevelopmen,tZPD),,(e79motionaltrauma),ZPD?ZPD,ZSD,ZOH,ZPD(),ZSD,,ZSD,,,,(,[6]),ZSD,,,,ZSD(ZSD),ZSD,,,ZSD(ultrahelp),,,,,()ZOH,,ZSD,,,ZSDZSD,,ZSD,ZOH,,(egopsychologicalenergy),,,[7],(),,,,(ZOH,2),(ZOH),,,,,,,,,ZPD,ZOH,,,ZPD,,,()80,ZPDZSDZOH,ZOH,ZPDZOH,ZOHZSDZOH,,,ZSD,,,,,:ZSD,[8-10]ZSDZOH,,,,,ZSDZOH(sensitizingorsteelingeffects)[11-13],,,,,ZOHZSD,,ZSDZSDZOH,,,,,[14-15](一)关于心理辅导领域的困惑,,[16],,,(),2008512,,,(),,,,,;,,,:?,,,,ZPD,,ZPD,,,(二)关于积极情绪和消极情绪到底哪个更81有利于人的发展[17][4,18,19],[2,17,20],[21-28],,?,1.,,,(BeckDepressionInventory)[29],,,,25%50%75%,,,,,[1],(ZPF),1OD,1ODZPF,(evolutionarypsychology),,,[30][31],,(),,,,,,,2.(),,,,[31],(),,,,;,,,,()(prosocialbehavior),,[32-33],,[18],82,(broadenandbuild),,,,:,,[7,34],?,??,ZPD,:,,?,?,ZPF??,:[1]AlloyLB,AbramsonLY.Judgmentofcontingencyindepressedandnondepressedstudents:sadderbutwiser?[J].JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Genera,l1979,108(4):441485.[2]LorraineGA,ShepardS,SamuelH.Thesadtruthaboutdepressiverealism[J].Thequarterlyjournalofexperimentalpsychology,2007,60(3):482495.[3]SeligmanMEP.Whatyoucanchangeandwhatyoucant[M].NewYork:VintageBooks,1991:198199.[4]FredricksonBL.Whatgoodarepositiveemotions?[J].ReviewofGeneralPsychology,1998,2:300319.[5]HeadeyB,WearingA.Personality,lifeevents,andsubjectivewellbeing:towardadynamicequilibriummodel[J].JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,1989,57(4):731739.[6]WinkielmanP,BerridgeKC.Unconsciousemotion[J].AmericanPsychologicalSociety,2004,13(3):120123.[7]TiceDM,BaumeisterRF,ShmueliD,MuravenM.Restoringthesel:fPositiveaffecthelpsimproveselfregulationfollowingegodepletion[J].JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,2007,43:379384.[8]LutharSS.Vulnerabilityandresilience:Astudyofhighriskadolescents[J].ChildDevelopment,1991,32:600.[9]ConnellJP,SpencerMB,AberJL.EducationalriskandresilienceinAfrican~Americanyouth:Context,sel,faction,andoutcomesinschool[J].ChildDevelopment,1994,65:493.[10]AsendorpfJB,VanAkenMAG.Supportbyparents,classmates,friends,andsiblingsinpreadolescence:covariationandcompensationacrossrelationships[J].JournalofSocialandPersonalRelationships,1997,14:79.[11]ElderGHJr.Historicalchangeinlifepatternsandpersonality[M]//BaltesPB,BrimOG.Lifespandevelopmentandbehavior.NY:AcademicPress,1979:117.[12]RutterM.Stress,copinganddevelopment:someissuesandsomequestions[J].JournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry,1981,22:323.[13]RutterM.Psychosocialresilienceandprotectivemechanisms[J].AmericanJournalofOrthopsychiatry,1987,57(3):316331.[14]GoldER.Longtermeffectsofsexualvictimizationinchildhood:anattributionalapproach[J].JournalofConsultingandClinicalPsychology,1986,54(4):471475.[15]ZlotnickC,ZakriskiAL,SheaMT,eta.lThelongtermsequelaeofsexualabuse:supportforacomplexposttraumaticstressdisorder[J].JournalofTraumaticStress,1996,9(2):195205.[16]SeligmanMEP.Positivepsychology,positiveprevention,andpositivetherapy[C]//SnyderCR,ShaneJ.Lopez.Handbookofpositivepsychology.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2002:39.[17]AckermanR,DeRubeisRJ.Isdepressiverealismrea?l[J].ClinicalPsychologyReview,1991,11:565584.[18]FredricksonBL.Positiveemotion[C]//SnyderCR,ShaneJ.Lopez.Handbookofpositivepsychology.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2002:120134.[19]FredrickosnBL.Positiveemotionsbroadenthescopeofattentionandthoughtactionrepertories[J].CognitionandEmotion,2005,8319:313332.[20]McKendreeSmithN,ForrestS.Depressiverealism:Effectsofdepressionseverityandinterpretationtime[J].JournalofClinicalPsychology,2000,56(12):16011608.[21]IsenAM,DaubmanKA,NowickiGP.Positiveaffectfacilitatescreativeproblemsolving[J].JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,1987,52:11221131.[22]AspinwallIG,RichterL,HoffmanRR.Understandinghowoptimismworks:Anexaminationofoptimistsadaptivemoderationofbeliefandbehavior[C]//ChangEC.Optimismandpessimism:Implicat