外教英语PPT启蒙运动the-enlightenment

TheEnlightenmentWhatWastheEnlightenment?TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementinEuropeduringthe17thand18thcenturythatledtoawholenewworldview.Accordingtothe18th-centuryphilosopherImmanuelKant,the“motto”oftheEnlightenmentwas“Sapereaude!Havecouragetouseyourownintelligence!”(Kant,“WhatIsEnlightenment?”1784)ImmanuelKantKeyVocabularyEnlightenment:aperiodduringthe1600sand1700sinwhicheducatedEuropeanschangedtheiroutlookonlifebyseeingreasonasthekeytohumanprogress.AgeofReason:anothernamefortheEnlightenmentSalons:inFrance,asimplemeetingofphilosopherstodiscussideasduringtheEnlightenmentPhilosopher:ascholarorthinkerReason:Usinglogicalthinking,notsuperstitionRootsoftheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentgrewoutoftheRenaissance,Reformation,andtheScientificRevolution.What’sthesame?:Likealloftheseothermovements,muchEnlightenmentthinkingchallengedacceptedbeliefs.What’snew?:EnlightenmentphilosopherswantedtousetheideasandreasonoftheScientificRevolutionforproblemsingovernmentandsociety.TheScientificRevolutionTheEnlightenmentgrewlargelyoutofthenewmethodsanddiscoveriesachievedintheScientificRevolutionTheequatorialarmillary,usedfornavigationonshipsLightoutoftheDarknessAFrenchman,BernarddeFontenelle,expressedthisoptimisticfaithinreasonandprogress.In1702,hewrotethatthenewcentury“willbecomemoreenlighteneddaybyday,sothatallpreviouscenturieswillbelostindarknessbycomparison.”EnlightenmentPrinciples•Religion,tradition,andsuperstitionlimitedindependentthought•Acceptknowledgebasedonobservation,logic,andreason,notonfaith•ScientificandacademicthoughtshouldbesecularAmeetingofFrenchEnlightenmentthinkersTheSalonsInFrance,thinkerscalledphilosophes(Frenchfor“philosophers”)championedtheideaofreasoningovernment.Philosophersoftengatheredininformalmeetings,calledsalons.Theretheyexchangedanddebatedideasforhours.Manysalonswereorganizedbywomen.GatheringslikethesehelpedtoshapeandspreadtheideasoftheEnlightenment.EnlightenmentandGovernmentEnlightenmentthinkerscriticizedacceptedideasaboutgovernment.Somequestionedthemedievalbeliefinthedivinerightofkings[theideathatGodchoseacountry’sking,andthatthekinggothisauthorityfromGod.]ManyEnlightenmentthinkersstressedindividualrightsthatgovernmentsmustrespect.Enlightenmentthinkersalsofeltthatpeopleshouldhaveasayintheirgovernment.EnlightenmentandReligionEnlightenmentthinkersbelievedhumanswerecapableofdiscoveringtruthforthemselves.Manybelievedinanallpowerfuldeity(orGod),butnotinaspecificchurchorholybook.SomecalledthemselvesDeists[Dee-ists].RightandWrongshouldbebasedonrationalinsight.EnlightenmentThinkersThomasHobbes►Hobbesbelievedpeoplearenaturallyselfish,cruel,andgreedy.►In1651,hepublishedabookcalledLeviathan.Inthisbook,hewrotethatpeoplearedrivenbyarestlessdesireforpower.►Withoutlaws,peoplewouldalwaysbeinconflict.►Insucha“stateofnature”,lifewouldbe“nasty,brutish,andshort.”►Hisidea:Governmentswerecreatedtoprotectpeoplefromtheirownselfishness.Hobbescontinued….►LaterEnlightenmentthinkersmightnothaveagreedwithHobbes…►But,hewasimportantbecausehewasoneofthefirstthinkerstoapplyreasontotheproblemofpolitics►Hisideasmaysoundharsh,butitwasbasedonhisownobservationsofhumannatureandreasoning.JohnLocke:SocialContractandNaturalRights►HewroteTwoTreatisesofGovernmentin1690.►Hebelievedthepurposeofgovernmentwastoprotectpeople’snaturalrights.Hesaidgovernmentshouldprotect,”hislife,liberty,andproperty—againsttheinjuriesandattemptsofothermen.”►Hisidea:Thetruebasisofgovernmentwasasocialcontractbetweenpeopleandtheirgovernment.Ifthegovernmentdidn’trespectpeople’srights,itcouldbeoverthrown.JohnLocke:SocialContractandNaturalRights►Inexchangeprotection,peoplegavegovernmentthepowertoruleontheirbehalf.Wecallthisideathe“consentofthegoverned.”►LastingImpact:theideathatgovernmentcouldbeoverthrownifitfailedtorespectpeople’srightshadwideinfluenceandwasultimatelyechoedintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence.Locke’sideasinEngland►Lockewasinfavorofconstitutionalmonarchies.Thismeantlawsoraconstitutionlimitedthepowerofthemonarchs(orkings).►In1689,theEnglishsetdownanewsetofrulescalledtheEnglishBillofRights.ThisstrengthenedthepowerofthepeopleandtheirrepresentativesinParliament(anEnglishcongress.)Montesquieu:SeparationofPowers►LikeLocke,Montesquieuwasconcernedwithhowtoprotectlibertyfromabadgovernment.►HeWroteTheSpiritofLawsin1748.Inthisbook,hedescribedhowgovernmentsshouldbeorganized.►Hisidea:Theseparationofpowers:Bydividingdifferentpowersamongmorethanonebranchofgovernment,noonegroupinthegovernmentcouldgrowtoopowerful.Montesquieucontinued….►Eachbranchofgovernmentcheckedtheotherbranches.Whenpowerswerenotseparatedthisway,Montesquieuwarned,libertywassoonlost.Hesaid:“Whenthelegislativeandexecutivepowersareunitedinthesameperson…,therecanbenoliberty.”►LastingImpact:HegreatlyinfluencedthemenwhowrotetheU.S.Constitution.Wenowhaveaseparatelegislative(Congress),judicial(courts),andexecutive(President)branch.Voltaire:Religioustoleranceandfreespeech►VoltairewasanEnlightenmentwriter.►HismostfamousnovelwasCandide,inwhichhepokedfunatoldreligiousideas.►Voltairewasespeciallyconcernedw