托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系

托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系王奇四大逻辑关系对比转折关系★因果关系★比较关系否定关系因果关系（显性）因：because,for,as,since,inthat+句子becauseof,onaccountof+名词或名词短语eg.Shewasfortunateinthatshehadfriendstohelpher.Sheretiredearlyonaccountofillhealth.果：so,sothat,therefore,thereby,asaresult,hence,thus,consequently,accordingly（用于句首）因果关系（隐性）A.导致（因-果）：cause,reason,leadto,giveriseto,resultin,make,render,push,fuel,stimulate,spark,spurEg.Hisruderemarksfueledheranger.Thisaccidentalkillingsparkedmajorriotsinthecities.Theshockofthediscoveryrenderedhimspeechless.Thegirl’slovingcarespurredhisrecovery.Unhygienicconditionsgiverisetodisease.因果关系（隐性）B.由…而来（果-因）：resultfrom,derivefrom,originatefrom,stemfrom,beattributabletoTheextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandtremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.(句子转化)逻辑：因果主干：SeriousnessresultsfromAandB,aswellasCorD.解题要点Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.1.错误选项的特征：a.改变原意，通常与原句表达意思相反；b.遗漏原句的主要信息。2.抓住主要逻辑内容：逻辑关系+主要内容,优先考虑与原句逻辑关系相同的选项。3.题目要求选择的是与原句主要意思相同的句子,意味着并不是原句中每一个微小细节都要在正确答案中得到复述。Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.（错误，遗漏重要信息。）Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.（错误，改变原意。）Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.（错误，遗漏重要信息。）Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.（正确，逻辑关系和主要内容与原句一致。）Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.对比转折关系对比：while,whereas,ontheotherhand转折：but,however,yet,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,instead,onthecontrary,bycontrast转折（句子转化）★Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.转折（句子转化）★Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.转折（句子转化）★Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutisstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutisstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.（错误，与原句意思相反。）Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.（错误，改变原意。）Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist.（错误，与原句意思相反。）Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutisstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores.（正确，逻辑关系和主要内容与原句一致。）Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension.Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm.Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops,thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhen