英语语言学大全

语言学知识点Mr.PotatoI语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学的流派和理论1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围)LOREMIPSUMDOLOR1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)1）Arbitrariness(任意性):定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例：书,book,livre喜欢，like，aimerLOREMIPSUMDOLORLOREMIPSUMDOLOR2）Duality（二层性）:定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discoursesLOREMIPSUMDOLOR3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark举例2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.4）Displacement（替代性）:定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩LOREMIPSUMDOLOR1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)如何记忆:五性，创意遗传LOREMIPSUMDOLOR4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performanceLOREMIPSUMDOLOR1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（规定性）Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobe举例：Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.LOREMIPSUMDOLOR2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.LOREMIPSUMDOLOR举例：研究1800年的英语发音Synchronicstudies(共时性研究)研究1800-1900的法语语法变化Diachronicstudies(历时研究)3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangueImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例：汉语系统langue每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语paroleImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言运用）theorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.LOREMIPSUMDOLOR5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学的研究范围)1）按研究内容来分2）按研究导向来分LOREMIPSUMDOLOR考点:1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别2.语音学重要概念:清音和浊音3.音系学重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征LOREMIPSUMDOLORPhoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）LOREMIPSUMDOLOR举例:too和tea中的/t/发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiver’sreception如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强SpeechorgansHowspeechsoundsaremadePositionofthevocalfolds(声带):voicing(浊音)andvoiceless(清音)LOREMIPSUMDOLORVoiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音举例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates浊音:[b,z,d]LOREMIPSUMDOLORThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.LOREMIPSUMDOLOR音系学定义：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.音系学重要概念:phone音子，phoneme音位(音系研究的基本单位)supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征LOREMIPSUMDOLORPhone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones举例:too和tea中的/t/发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中的/t/两个不同的音子LOREMIPSUMDOLOR•Phoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.•举例：•tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morphemeLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)LOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeSuprasegmentalfeatures:phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:LOREMIPSUMDOLORSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：stress（重音）举例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(声调)/pitch(音高):定义