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ChineseBulletinofBotany2008,25(4):497-506,:2008-01-20:(No.30770183)(No.2006BAD03A05No.2006BAD03A11No.2006BAD19B0201)*E-mail:wxc@caf.ac.cn..1*,21,100091;2,MA02138,,;;,,,pH,,,,,,(2008)..25,497-506.(SteudleandZimmermann,1971;ZimmermannandSteudle,1978)(Hüskenetal.,1978),(TomosandLeigh,1999;WegnerandZimmermann,2002,2004)(cellpressureprobe,orcelltur-gorpressureprobe)(rootpressureprobe)(xylempressureprobe)(samplingpressureprobe)(ion-selectivexylempressureprobe),,,,pH,(Franksetal.,1998;Wanetal.,2004;FranksandFarquhar,2007)(aquaporins)(Maurel,1997)2:,,;,,,,,(Prestonetal.,1992;Maureletal.,1993),,49825(4)2008(Kaldenhoffetal.,1998;Javotetal.,2003),(Wanetal.,2004;Yeetal.,2004)(Martinez-Ballestaetal.,2003;Tournaire-Rouxetal.,2003)(BallingandZimmermann,1990),(Weietal.,1999;Steudle,2001;Zimmermannetal.,2004)(TomosandLeigh,1999;,2007),,,(Zhuetal.,2000,2002;,2005),,11.1(1),,,50150μm,,,57μm,,45°,,-,-(),,,,,,1(,/,)Figure1Schematicdiagramofcellpressureprobe(Thesiliconeoil/cellsapmeniscusinthetipoftheglasscapillaryprobeisadjustedwithamotordrivingthemetalrodintheprobe,bywhichthecellvolumeischanged)499:(micromanipulator),,,1.2-,,,,,,,1.5MPa,1.0MPa,(5.0MPa),,,(,Characoralline)1.0mm,cm,(Yeetal.,2004)(SteudleandTyerman,1983),μm5μm,,,(Wanetal.,2004),,,,,,,,(Wanetal.,2004)1.3(hydrostaticpressurerelaxation),,,,,,,,,,2A,(T1/2w),(),(Lp)(1)(1),(V)(A)(ε)(πi),,,,(volumetricelasticmodulusofthecellwall,ε)(dV)(dP)(2D),(2)V,,,,50025(4)2008,,,(Steudleetal.,1980)(osmoticpressurerelaxation)(),,,2CT1/2wLpT1/2w(diffusioncoefficient)(unstirredlayer)(TyermanandSteudle,1982;SteudleandTyerman,1983;Yeetal.,2006),,(Tyreeetal.,2005),,,,,,2C,(),2C,,,(2B)1,2,2(T1/2s),(3)(Ps)(Ks),(4),(σs),,(pressureclamp(volumerelaxation)),,,(T1/2w’),(T1/2w),ε((5)),((6)),(WendlerandZimmermann,1982;Cosgroveetal.,1987),,,(ZhangandTyerman,1991)(1)Lp:(m3.m2.s1.MPa1m.s1.MPa1);V:(m3);A:(m2);T1/2w:(s);pi:(MPa)(2)ε:(MPa);dP:(MPa);dV:(m3)(3)Ps:(m.s1);T1/2s:(s);Ks:(s1)(4)σs:();R:(0.00831447MPa.L.mol1.K1);T:(K);DCso:(mol.L1);Pmin:(MPa);tmin:(s);Po:(MPa)501:(5)Vo:(m3);T1/2w’:(s);poi:(MPa)dV/dt=ALp(Dy)(6)dV/dt:;Dy:(MPa)2,-(Scholanderetal.,1965),BallingZimmermann(1990),,,-,,,,(cavitation),,,,(34μL),(Weietal.,1999),,,,,,,0.7MPa,(BallingandZimmermann,1990;Weietal.,1999),(airseeds)1.0MPa,1.4MPa(Weietal.,1999)3SteudleJeschke(1983)(),,,(Weatherley,1982),,,,,,,,0.5mmol.L1CaSO4,,,,(13),,,;,,,,,,,,,SigmaScan®,0.050.2MPa,,,50225(4)20082-(A);a:/;b:/;c:(B);a:;b:;c:(C);a:;b:(D),(ε)a:;b:Figure2Pressure-relaxationcurve(A)Hydrostaticpressurerelaxation;a:Sap/siliconemeniscusmovesbackward,andtugordeclines;b:Sap/siliconemeniscusmovesforward,andtugorincreases;c:Tugorrecovery(B)Osmoticpressurerelaxationwithpermeablesolutes;a:Addpermeablesolutes;b:Removepermeablesolutes;c:Tugorrecovery(C)Osmoticpressurerelaxationwithnon-permeablesolutes;a:Addimpermeablesolutes;b:Removeimpermeablesolutes(D)dP/dVmeasurementsfortheestimationofεa:Pushmeniscus;b:Drawbackmeniscus(SteudleandFrensch,1989;AzaizehandSteudle,1991;ZhuandSteudle,1991;Steudle,1993)503:,(ε),(β),(7)Lpr:(m3.m2.s1.MPa1m.s1.MPa1);Ar:(m2);T1/2:()(s);DV:(m3);DP:(MPa)DP/DV=b,,(ε)(8)Krs:(s1);Trs1/2:()(s);Psr:(m.s1);Vx:(m3)(9)ssr:;DP:(MPa);Dpso:(MPa);ex:(MPa);px:(MPa);tmin:(s)(ex+px)/exexpx,1,ssr4,,,,,1(Wanetal.,2004),,,,,,,,,(Maloneetal.,1989),,,,,,(Maloneetal.,1989,1991)5/,/(cellturgor/mem-branepotentialprobe,T-EPprobe)(Zhu,1996)T-EP,,,,Ag/AgCl(Zhuetal.,2000,2002)6(Steudle,1989;Zhuetal.,1995),WegnerZimmermann(1998)50425(4)2008,,,,(ion-selectivexylempressureprobe),2,2,,pH,(K+H+)WegnerZimmermann(2002,2004),,(2007)..33,471479.,,,(2005)..31,97102.AzaizehH,SteudleE(1991).Effectsofsalinityonwatertrans-portofexcisedmaize(ZeamaysL.)roots.PlantPhysiol97,11361145.BallingA,ZimmermannU(1990).ComparativemeasurementsofthexylempressureofNicotianaplantsbymeansofthepressurebombandpressureprobe.Planta182,325338.CosgroveDJ,OrtegaJKE,ShropshireW(1987).PressureprobestudyofthewaterrelationsofPhycomycesblakesleeanussporangiophores.BiophysJ51,413423.FranksPJ,CowanIR,FarquharGD(1998).Astudyofsto-matalmechanicsusingthecellpressureprobe.PlantCellEnviron21,94100.FranksPJ,FarquharGD(2007).Themechanicaldiversityofstomataanditssignificanceingas-exchangecontrol.PlantPhysiol143,7887.HüskenD,SteudleE,ZimmermannU(1978).Pressureprobetechniqueformeasuringwaterrelationsofcellsinhigherplants.PlantPhysiol61,158163.JavotH,LauvergeatV,SantoniV,Martin-LaurentF,GüclüJ,VinhJ,HeyesJ,FranckKI,SchäffnerR,BouchezD,MaurelC(2003).Roleofasingleaquaporinisoforminrootwateruptake.PlantCell15,509522.KaldenhoffR,GroteK,ZhuJJ,ZimmermannU(1998).Sig-nificanceofplasmalemmaaquaporinsforwater-transportinArabidopsisthaliana.PlantJ14,121128.MaloneM,LeighRA,TomosAD(1989).Extractionandanaly-sisofsapfromindividualwheatleaf-cells:theeffectofsam-plingspeedontheosmoticpressureofextractedsap.PlantCellEnviron12,919926.MaloneM,LeighRA,TomosAD(1991).Concentrationsofvacuolarinorganicionsinindividualcellsofintactwheatleafepidermis.JExpBot42,385389.Martinez-BallestaMC,MartinezV,CarvajalM(2003).Aquaporinfunc