第二讲-经济组织-交易成本与契约

2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学1《高级管理学》AdvancedManagement西安交通大学管理学院万迪昉2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学2案例一小结„问题导向式的案例分析„1、问题的提出（视角）„2、问题的分析：相关理论及方法的应用（参照系，分析工具）；结合具体状况的分析。„3、解决相关问题的思路和建议2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学3子案例一„关于Ford,GM和Toyota组织战略的比较„主要侧重协调，但隐含激励问题„Ford的单一品种与直线职能；GM的多品种与事业部（协调机制的灵活运用）„Toyota更为灵活的合作式组织„降低交易成本（激励和协调成本）多种协调方式的灵活运用2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学4激励强度准则在Toyota的应用„对分包商的激励„日本有许多分包商向日本大型汽车和电子企业提供零部件。通常，制造企业为原材料付出的费用是基于供应商会计记录计算出的实际成本，而非合约规定的固定价格。假如成本的目标水平是，实际发生的成本是，供应商就得。制造企业付出的实际费用等于实际费用加上实际费用与目标费用的差异的一定比例。（目标成本包含一定的利润）。变动的部分即激励项目。xx()xxx−+β2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学5子案例二„组织的三个核心问题„Salomon与BaringsBank„公司治理与管理者的激励„基于股票或股票期权的激励„权力配置与绩效测评„货币激励与内在动机2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学6美国处于中值的CEO的收入2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学72006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学8案例分析与讨论„案例的类型及侧重„1、理解问题„2、提问获取信息„3、运用理论框架„4、形成结论„5、提出建议2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学9Someadviceforgeneratingandevaluatingnewideas(p9-17referencefromDavidLaibsonofHarvardEconomicsDept.)观察身边的事/Exposeyourself:„从媒体获得灵感/readnewspapers（有关经济、金融、企业…）„跨期选择：askyour4-year-oldnieceintertemporalchoicequestions„不同环境及参照系的影响：gotothesupermarketinAijia„gotothemallinShijijinhua„不同理性程度的影响：askyourbrother-in-law–aplumber–abouthisinvestmentphilosophy„Askyouruncle–ahedgefundmanager–abouthisinvestmentphilosophy2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学10Ineverymall,station,restaurantaskyourself„Whatisgoingoninthismarketplace?„Howarefirmpricingdecisionsmade?„Howarefirmmarketingdecisionsmade?„Howarefirmbundlingdecisionsmade?„Howarefirmlocationdecisionsmade?„Howarefirmentryandexitdecisionsmade?„Howarefirmadvertisingdecisionsmade?„Howareconsumersearchdecisionsmade?„Whatisthestructureofconsumerpreferences?„Whatdoconsumersknowandwhatdon'ttheyknow?2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学11Forexample…„Whydoesareplacementprintercartridgecostalmostasmuchasaprinter?„WhyisthesavingsratesomuchhigherinAsiathanitisinEurope?„Whydocell-phoneproviderswritecontractswithpenaltiesforearlytermination(insteadofjusthavingastart-upfee)?„Whydopeoplehatetobuyannuities?„Whyarethereveryfewreversemortgages?Andnorealmortgages?„Whyiseveryonesuspiciousoffreetrade,includingthosewhobenefitfromit?„Whydon'tmostmovietheatressellticketswithseatassignments?„Whydosomemovietheatreshavetheoppositepolicy?„Whydon'tairlineschargemoreforaisleandwindowseatsrelativetomiddleseats?„Whyaren‘texecutivescompensatedwithoptionsthatpayoutasafunctionofrelativecompanyperformance,insteadofbeingcompensatedexclusivelywithoptionsthatpayoutasafunctionofabsoluteperformance?(基于相对绩效的股票期权激励）2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学12„直觉其有意义吗/Exploityourintuition:doesyourideamakesense?„可靠的微观基础/Relyonsolidpsychologicalmicro-foundations.„类似实验做过吗/Hastheeffectbeenreplicated?„谁做的/Hasitbeenreplicatedbydifferentresearchgroups?„有意义吗/Istheeffectmagnitudelarge?„实验设计是否有说服力/Aretheexperimentaldesignsconvincing?„专家做同样成立吗/Wouldtheeffectsurviveifamanagerialresearcherimplementedtheexperiment?„朋友认为如何/Whatdoyourfriendsthinkofyouridea?新想法的形成2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学13„研究对你而言重要吗/Areyoustudyingsomethingimportant?„有无普适性/Doesitgeneralize?„你能推动解答研究问题的计划吗/Canyoumotivateyourresearchprojectastheanswertoasinglequestion?Orasmallsetofquestions?„研究是否可测度/Isyourresearchaboutsomethingthatsomeonecanmeasure?„兴趣与热度/Doesyourresearchinterestyou?Yourpassionisthemostimportantingredient.实验条件2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学14„不要刻意回避理性解释/Don’tmakethemistakeofgliblyoverlookingrationalexplanations.（金融市场例）„也不要自动接受理性解释，理性模型只不过是行为模型之特例/But,don’tautomaticallyacceptrationalactor“justsostories”(inpracticerationalactormodelcanbejustasadhocasbehavioralmodels)„斟酌再三的解释往往昀正确/Whenfacedwithcompetingexplanationsrememberthattheparsimoniousexplanationismoreoftentherightexplanation.„行为解释≠昀重要的解释/Behavioralexplanationsarenottheonlyexplanationoreventhemostimportantexplanation.实验与解释2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学15Propertiesofagoodpaper/thesisApropertyonthislistisneithernecessarynorsufficientforapapertobegood.Someofthepropertiesaremutuallyexclusive;therearedifferentwaystowriteagoodpaper.Yourgoodpapershouldexhibitmany,butcan’texhibitall,oftheseproperties.成功论文的主要特质„条理清晰、新奇有趣、定义明确、动机直白/Paperhasaclear,interesting,well-defined,simplemotivatingquestion.„经验论文的核心应揭示重要事实/Anempiricalpaperhasagreat(simpleandinteresting)factatitsheart.„Factcanbeclearlyillustratedbyplottingdata.„经验研究成果应明确界定/Empiricalresultsarewellidentified(inasentenceortwoyoucanclearlyexplainhowyourparametersareidentified).„创新，而非无价值的劳动/Ideaisfresh,notaminorpermutationofsomebodyelse’swork.2006-11-18西安交通大学万迪昉高级管理学16„Theoreticalmodelingisanalyticandconceptuallyinsightful(notblackbox).„Ifyouneedtodonumericalsimulations,makesureyouexplainwheretheresultsarecomingfromwithintuitionorasimpleanalyticexample.„Theoreticalresultsidentifynecessaryandsufficientconditions.„Theoreticalresultshavehighdegreeofgenerality(robust;donotdependqualitativelyonfunctionalformassumptions).„Papermakestechnicalinnovationsthathavedemonstrablywideapplicability.„Propositions/Theoremsarefarawayfromassumptions.„Papergivesthereaderamodelingtoolthatcanbeinsertedinawidesetofapplications.„Portabilityandpracticalapplicabilityarevaluable.„Modelistractable.„Modelsareparsimonious(veryfewfreeparameters;keep