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Chapter1*buildupahierarchicalstructure.Ingrammaticalterms,whileasentenceisthelargestunit,awordisthesmallest.(p2)Extendedhierarchyofgrammaticalunits(p2)Whatarethesemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffix?(p25,4)Aprefixisattachedbeforeabase;asuffixafterabase.Thefunctionofaprefixtendstobesemanticallyoriented,thatis,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.Suffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes.P16从句-subordinateclausesSentences(P22)AtextconsistsofoneormoresentencesAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphrasesconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphemesAmorphemeHigherLowerInfinitive(不定式)(todo)-ingparticiple-edparticipleThenon-finiteverbphraseThefiniteverbphraseVerbPhrase(mainverb/auxiliaries)助动词1.Nominalclauses(名词性从句)2.Relativeclauses（关系从句）3.Adverbialclauses（状语从句）4.Non-finitenominalclauses5.Non-finiterelativeclauses6.Non-finiteadverbialclausesThesimpleverbphrase(withoutauxiliaries)Thecomplexverbphrase(withauxiliaries)Subordinateclausesmayfunctionas:(Subordinateclausesmayfunctionas:nominalclause,relativeclause,adverbialclauseinthefiniteformornon-finiteform)(p21)Simplesentence简单句Compoundsentence/complexsentence并列句/复杂句Chapter2Fillintheblankwithassertivewords,non-assertivewords,negativewords(填空题)AssertionNon-assertionAssertiveWords(肯定)Non-assertiveWords（非肯定）NegativeWords（否定）somesomeonesomebodysomethingsomewheresometime(s)oneortheotherstill只用在肯定句alreadyaswell,tooanyanyoneanybodyanythinganywhereevereitheranymoreanylongeryeteitherno/nonenoonenobodynothingnowhereneverneithernomorenolongerDeclaratives(陈述句)Interrogatives（疑问句）Imperatives（祈使句）Exclamatives（感叹句）Fourmajortypesofsentences:（简答题）p26Thefoursentencetypesareassociatedwithfourdiscoursefunctions:（简答题）p26StatementgivesinformationQuestionrequiresinformationCommandrequiresactionsExclamationexpressesimpressionofthespeakerP29(选择题)Isthereany/somenewsforme?(考试时要选some)Isanybody/somebodywaitingforme?(考试时要选somebody)Negationintensifier否定加强词（p32）1.Shedoesn’tlikehimatall.2.I’llnever,nevertalktoheragain.3.I’veneverinallmylifeseensuchaswarmofants.4.Notasinglecandidatemanagedtopassthetest.5.youhavenoexcusewhatever.6.Thesegoodsarebynomeanssatisfactory.7.Theydon’tcareabit.8.Shewasforcedtomarrythemanshedidn’tloveintheleast.Explainthedifferencebetweenatagquestionwithafinalrisingtoneandonewithafinalfallingtone.(P51,8,p43)(1)Atagwitharisingtone,thequestionexpressesthespeaker’sneutralexpectationofthehearer’sresponseandinvitesthehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.ItisaYES-NOquestioninfunction.(2)Atagquestionwithafallingtone,thespeakerasksforthehearer’sconfirmationofthestatement.Itislikeanexclamation.*Let’stalktothedirector,Shallwe?*Letustalktothedirector,willyou?*Everyoneishere,P45Theyhavetoliveontheirown,don’tthey?Johnhadtoworkharder,didn’the?Weallhadawonderfultimeattheparty,didn’twe?Youhadyourhaircutyesterday,didn’tyou?Shehascoffeewithsugar,doesn’tshe?YES-NOquestionsWH-questionsAlternativequestions(选择问句)Tagquestions（反义疑问句）Questionsaredividedinto4majorclasses:(p37)isn’the?aren’tthey?(优选)Youhavealotoffriends,Shemustbeovertwenty,Youcouldhaveheardthenewslastnight,Thatmaybeyourlostcare,can’tit?Weoughttoleavenow,前面是否定词，后面要用肯定的p46Noonelistedtohim,didthey?Sheseldomsmiles,doesshe?Youcouldrarelyseehiminthelibrary,couldyou?Hehardlyevershowsupthesedays,doeshe?What-Exclamations(p49)以what开头的祈使句后可接名词复数和不可属名词，但以HOW开头的祈使句不行e.g.Whatstrangepeopleyou’reworkingwith!Whatbadweatheritwas!Chapter3NounPhrase=(premodification)+headword+(postmodification)(p54)永远单数的名词：(p58)UnitedStateshas………………….,UnitedNationshas……………….*TheNetherlandsandthePhilippinescanbeeithersingularorplural.永远后面跟复数的名词：(P60)Somecollectivenouns:cattle,clergy,gentry,people,police,vermin单复数同行：（p62）zeropluralsdeer,grouse,salmon,sheep,troutdon’tyou?haven’tyou?mustn’tshe?isn’tshe?(优选)haven’tyou?couldn’tyou?didn’tyou?(优选)oughtn’twe?shouldn’twe?(优选)barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works,shambles(e.g.one/twospecies;one/twocrossroads)Unitnouns(p65-70)词例abarofcandy/chocolate/gold/iron/soapabladeofgrassablockofice/seatsacakeofice/soapadropofblood/oil/rainwateranearofbarley/corn/millet/wheataflightofstairs/stepsagrainofsalt/sandaloafofbreadalumpofcoal/earth/sugarastaffofteachersateamofplayersatroopofsoldiersatroupeofactorsabroodofchickensaclusterofantsaflockofbirds/sheepaherdofcattle/elephantsalitterofpuppies/littlepigsapackofhounds/wolvesashoal/schooloffishaswarmofants/bees/waspsadisplayofcourage/fireworks/powerafitofcoughing/laughter/temperaflashofhope/light/lightningapealoflaughter/thunder/applausearayofhope/light/sunshinearollofthunderasheetofpaperaspeckofdirt/inkasliceofbacon/bread/meatastickofchalkastripofcloth/landabunchofflowers/keysabundleofsticks/strawaclusterofflowers/islandsapacket/packofcigarettesaseriesoffilms/lecturesatuftoffeathers/grass/hairanarmyofbeggars/soldiersabandofmusiciansabatchofstudents/soldiersabenchofexaminers/judgesabevyofyoungladiesaboardofdirectorsabunchofteenagersachoirofsingersacongregationofprayersacrewofsailorsacrowdofpeoplea