2018考研英语必背词汇(二)11TheEuropeanCommissionsaidthatithadcarriedout“unannouncedinspections”atbigoilandbiofuelcompanies,includingShell,BP,Norway’sStatoil,aswellasatPlatts,theworld’sleadingprice-reportingagency.欧盟委员会声称已经对大型的石油和生物燃料公司展开“抽检”,包括壳牌石油公司,英国石油公司,挪威国家石油公司,以及全球领先的报价机构,普氏能源资讯。commission◆n.委员会;犯(罪)v.委任;委托【构词】com+miss(=send/cast,送,放出,派,错过)+ion【近】counciln.委员会;理事会【词组】incommission服役中shelln.壳v.去壳;剥落【派生】shelllessa.无壳的【近】crustn.面包皮;硬外壳【词组】shellout付款;交予leadinga.前列的;主要的agencyn.机构;代理;(政府的)局、处【构词】ag(=do/act,做,代理做)+ency【近】departmentn.部门;系;知识范围(Businessthisweek/May18,2013)12CharitieswhofindSection501(c)(3)’srestrictionshampertheiradvocacy,oftencreatea(c)(4)affiliatetopursuetheirlobbyingagenda.认为(美国国内税收法)501(c)(3)免税条款的限制条件(501(c)(3)定义的组织禁止参加与公职选举有关的政治活动)妨碍了其政治主张的慈善机构,常常会创造出一个符合501(c)(4)类型的隶属组织来从事他们的游说活动。sectionn.款;部件;阶层【构词】sect(=cut/divide,切、割)+ion)affiliaten.隶属的机构v.使附属;接纳【派生】affiliativea.有亲和力的lobbyv.对……进行游说;陈情n.门厅;休息室;游说团【派生】lobbyistn.说客agendan.日常工作事项;议事日程【构词】ag(=do/act,做,代理做)+enda【近】programmen.计划;程序【词组】settheagenda制定议程(TheIRSscandal:Howcanyoutellacharityfromapoliticalfront?May20,2013)13Toooften,airlinestaffattheboardinggaterunlaxregimes,allowingthemostaggressiveand(literally)pushytravellerstoskiptothefrontoftheline,playdumbaboutwhichgroupshavebeencalled,andboardbeforemorerule-abidingtypes,whoarealltoooftenlefttogatechecktheirbags.登机口处的航空公司工作人员往往管理松懈,他们会让那些好斗的或者(简直)莽撞的游客插到队伍最前面,对于已经被叫到的群体装聋作哑,而让那些更守规矩的游客较晚登机,这些游客经常被留在机舱门口就地检查他们的行李。aggressive◆a.好斗的;有进取心的【构词】ag+gress(=go/walk,行走,步)+ive【派生】aggressivelyad.侵略地;有闯劲地【近】militanta.好战的literallyad.简直,差不多;逐字地;真正地dumba.哑的;沉默的【派生】dumblyad.默默地;无言地【近】mutea.哑的;沉默的【词组】dumbdown降低……的难度(Arewardforpackinglight/May20,2013)14Toaddtothealarm,theauthoritiesinterceptedtwoletters,oneaddressedtoBarackObamaandanothertoRogerWicker,asenator,whichappearedtocontainricin,alethalpoison.更令人惊慌的是,美国当局拦截了两封邮件,一封是寄给总统巴拉克·奥巴马,另一封是寄给参议员罗杰·维克尔,两封邮件中似乎含有一种致命毒药蓖麻毒素。alarm◆n.惊恐;警报v.使惊恐【构词】al+arm(=weapon,武器,臂)【派生】alarminglyad.惊人地;让人担忧地【近】shockn.震动;休克address◆v.寄往,寄给;对……发表演说n.地址【构词】ad+dress(=direct,直接的,指引)【派生】addressern.发信人;发言人contain◆v.包含;容纳;遏制【构词】con+tain(=hold,拿住,支撑)【派生】containablea.可容纳的;可控制的【近】includev.包含,包括poisonn.毒药v.使中毒;在……中放毒【派生】poisonern.投毒者【习语】What’syourpoison?(非正式)想喝点什么?(TheBostonbomb/Apr20,2013)15Buildingnationalloyaltyisespeciallyvitalinwartime,whenenemiesmustbedemonisedandloyalcitizensalternatelycomforted,alarmedandexhortedtosacrifice.战争时期,建立人们对国家的忠诚格外重要,一方面必须将敌人妖魔化;另一方面得安抚忠诚的市民,使他们具有忧患意识,随时准备为国捐躯。vitala.至关重要的;必不可少的;生机勃勃的【构词】vit(=life,生命)+al【派生】vitallyad.极其;紧要地【近】fundamentala.基本的;根本的loyala.忠诚的;忠贞的【派生】loyallyad.忠诚地;诚实地【近】constanta.永恒的;忠实的【词组】beloyalto忠于……alternate◆a.轮流的,交替的v.使交替【派生】alternatelyad.交替地,轮流地【近】interchangev.交换;互换sacrifice◆v.牺牲;献祭【构词】sacri(=holy,神圣)+fice【词组】atasacrifice亏本,蚀本(出售)(PropagandaattheBritishLibrary:Readbetweenthelines/May20,2013)16Nevertheless,oppositionpartiessoughtprosecutionforthePRIofficialsinvolved,andweremollifiedonlywhenMrPeaagreedtoamendthepact,afterhavingatfirstshruggedoffthescandal.然而,反对党检举了参与此事的墨西哥革命制度党官员,在墨西哥总统佩尼亚先生摆脱丑闻事件,并同意修改条约之后,这一事件才得以平息。involve◆v.使参与;包含;牵涉【构词】in+volv(=roll/turn,转,卷)+e【词组】involvein卷入,参加pactn.条约;公约【近】treatyn.条约;协议shrugv.耸肩n.耸肩【词组】shrugoff摆脱;抖去scandaln.丑闻;流言蜚语;耻辱【反】praisen.赞词;称赞【词组】bethescandalof引起……的反感;激起……的愤慨(ThePRI’slongtail/May11,2013)17Toaddressthisdifficulty,ouranalysiscontrolledforawidearrayofworkercharacteristics,suchasage,gender,maritalstatus,andcollegemajor.为解决这一难题,我们的分析涵盖了一系列广泛的工人特点,例如年龄、性别、婚姻状况和大学所学专业。arrayn.一系列,大量;排列v.排列【词组】anarrayof一排;一群;一批characteristicn.特点,特征a.(品质、特点)显著的【构词】charact(特性,品质)+eristic【派生】characteristicallyad.典型地【近】qualityn.质量;特性,特征maritala.婚姻的;夫妇间的【派生】maritallyad.婚姻上作为夫妇【近】marrieda.已婚的;婚姻的status◆n.状态,情形;地位;身份【构词】stat(=stand,站,立)+us【近】conditionn.情况;状态(DoBigCitiesHelpCollegeGraduatesFindBetterJobs?May20,2013)18ResearchpublishedinthePublicLibraryofScienceonApril15thestimatesthathalftheTamiflu(anantiviraldrugmadebyRoche)prescribedinEnglandatthetimeoftheH1N1outbreakwentunused,basedonananalysisoftracesofthedruginsewage.4月15日公共科学图书馆所公布的研究表明,甲型H1N1流感病毒爆发时英国所开出的处方药特敏福(一种由瑞士罗氏制药企业生产的抗病毒药物),有一半从未使用,这一数据基于对下水道中药物的追踪分析。prescribev.开处方;指定,规定【构词】pre+scrib(=write,写)+e【派生】prescribern.处方者;建议者outbreakn.爆发;突然发生;暴动【构词】out(出去,外面)+break【近】outburstn.爆发;破裂analysisn.分析;分解;梗概【反】synthesisn.综合;合成【词组】inthelastanalysis归根结底,说到底trace◆n.踪迹,痕迹v.追踪;追溯【派生】traceabilityn.可追溯性;追踪能力【词组】tracebackto追溯到;追究到(Anounceofprevention/Apr20,2013)19HeannoyedSaudiArabiabypatentingtheresult(thoughgenepatentsareacontroversialareaanyway—see“Naturaljustice”attheendofthissection).他取得这一研究结果的专利权使沙特阿拉伯十分恼怒(尽管基因专利无论如何仍是一个有争议的领域——见本版最后《自然正义》一文。)annoyv.使恼怒;打扰;令人讨厌【派生】annoyern.烦恼物【近】disturbv.妨碍;使烦恼genen.基因;遗传因子controversiala.有争议的;争论的【派生】controversiallyad.颇有争议地【近】disputablea.有讨论余地的justicen.正义;公正;司法制度【派生】justiceshipn.法官的地位,职权【近】impartialityn.公平;公正【词组】injusticeto为对……公平起见(Anounceofprevention/Apr20,2013)20HeseemstohavecountedonaGerman-Swissagreementthatwouldhavekeptsuchaccountholdersanonymouswhilesettlingtheirbacktaxesthroughtransfersbetweenthegovernments.他原本指望在德国和瑞士之间的税务协议生效后,可以通过两国政府移交欠缴税款之机,缴清欠税以保账户