第1页英译汉英译汉一、考试要求英译汉试题主要是考查考生运用汉语来准确而又完整地表达英文意思的能力。这其中涉及到词汇、语法、句子结构的剖析,表达方式等各方面的知识。翻译这一部分的要求是:(1)内容忠实于原文;(2)内容并无残缺;(3)所写出的语句在不违反前两者的情况之下,符合中文的表达方式。二、解题步骤第一步:找出句子的主干结构,即句子的主谓宾或主系表。【例题】Environmentswherepassivesmokingisunavoidablemakeitdifficulttoleadahealthylife.【解析】划线句子的主干应当是“Environmentsmakeitdifficulttoleadahealthylife”,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式toleadahealthylife。翻译出来应当是:环境使得(人们)很难健康地生活。第二步:把一些局部的、修饰的信息,即定语、主语补足语以及同位语翻译出来,放在合适的位置。【例题】Environments(wherepassivesmokingisunavoidable)makeitdifficulttoleadahealthylife.【解析】environments后面有一个where引导的限制性定语从句对其进行修饰,然后再把它翻译出来修饰“environments”,即:被动吸烟不可避免的环境使得(人们)很难健康地生活。第三步:把原文的句子全部抛开,看中文翻译如何用中文表达流畅就怎样表达。【例题】Environmentswherepassivesmokingisunavoidablemakeitdifficulttoleadahealthylife.【解析】对上面的译文进一步修饰后,进行润色:在被动吸烟不可避免的环境下,人们很难以健康的生活方式来生活。三、测试重点英译汉的过程中普遍存在的问题有如下几种,这也是英译汉的测试重点和考试重点:(1)句子中有的单词不认识,影响了句子的连贯性。(2)句子的结构没有理清,使句子的表达受到影响。(3)心里明白英文意思,可就是不能用汉语准确地表达出来。这主要是因为考生平时在此方面训练得少,没有掌握英译汉的基本技巧。1.生僻单词的猜测句子中如果有不认识的单词,要根据这句话和上下文的逻辑关系,如并列关系、因果关系、转折关系等推测词义。例1:BeforeWorldWarIwespentoursummerholidaysinHungary.Ihaveonlythedimmemoryofthehousewelivedin,ofmyroomandmytoys.NordoIrecallclearlythelargefamilyofgrandparents,aunts,unclesandcousinswhogatherednextdoor.ButIdohaveacrystal-clearmemoryofthedogs,thefarmanimals,thelocalbirdsandaboveall,theinsects.例2:OnestudyshowsthatAmericansprefertoanswerwithabrief“Yes”,“No”,“Sure”,ortheverypopular“Yeah”ratherthanwithalongerreply.ButbriefrepliesdonotmeanAmericansareimpoliteorunfriendlytosomeextent.例3:Adecreasingbirthratemayleadtounemploymentbecauseitresultsinadecliningmarketformanufacturedgoods.Whenthepressureofpopulationonhousingdeclines,pricesalsodeclineandthebuildingindustryisweakened.例4:Nonverbal(非语言的)communicationhastodowithgestures,movementsandclosenessoftwopeoplewhentheyaretalking.Thescientistssaythatthosegestures,movementsandsoonhave第2页meaningwhichwordsdonotcarry.2.词汇的地道翻译英语的有些词汇和短语在汉语中不能直译,要根据语境作适当的意译,以符合汉语的表达习惯。例1:Inaddition,informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestorscanbeprovidedbyart.Inshort,artexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplace,andastudyofitclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks.例2:Muchunfriendlyfeelingtowardscomputershasbeenbasedonthefearofwidespreadunemploymentresultingfromtheirintroduction.例3:Humanneedsseemendless.Whenahungrymangetsameal,hebeginstothinkaboutanovercoat;whenamanagergetsanewsportscar,abighouseandpleasureboatsdanceintoview.3.重点句型的翻译(1)定语从句※英译汉中要求巧妙地翻译定语从句是最常见的题型。英语中,定语从句都放在被修饰词后面,考生关键就是把英语原句中的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰词之前。例1:Nonverbal(非语言的)communicationhastodowithgestures,movementsandclosenessoftwopeoplewhentheyaretalking.Thescientistssaythatthosegestures,movementsandsoonhavemeaningwhichwordsdonotcarry.【解析】划线的句子中that引导的是宾语从句,宾语从句中的which引导的是定语从句,修饰前面的meaning。考生只要把该定语从句变成一个前置性定语,此句就不难翻译了,即:科学家们说,这些姿态、行为等,有着话语所不能承载的含义。例2:Scientistshaveobservedthatthereismoreeyecontactbetweenpeoplewholikeeachotherthanthereisbetweenpeoplewhodon’tlikeeachother.Thelengthoftimethatthepersonwhomyouarespeakingtolooksatyoureyesindicatestheamountofinteresthehasinthethingsyouaretalkingabout.【解析】划线的句子中含有一个同位语从句thatthepersonwhomyouarespeakingtolooksatyoureyes修饰前面的thelengthoftime。同位语从句中含有一个定语从句whomyouarespeakingto修饰前面的先行词theperson。同时hehas修饰前面的interest。根据定语从句的翻译方法,这句话可以译为:从和你说话的人凝视你时间的长短就可以判断他对你们所讨论事情的感兴趣程度。※有时,定语从句翻译成汉语时要放到先行词的后面,单独翻译成一个句子,因为在定语从句中,语法上虽然是定语,但在语义逻辑上并不是定语。这样翻译更符合汉语的表达习惯。例3:Themediaprovideentertainmentandinformation.Unfortunately,theyalsopromotefastfoodwhichfitseasilyintobusylifestyles.例4:Whyisworkgoodforhealth?Itisbecauseworkkeepspeoplebusyawayfromloneliness.Researchesshowthatpeoplefeelunhappy,worriedandlonelywhentheyhavenothingtodo.Instead,thehappiestarethosewhoarebusy.Manyhighachieverswholovetheircareersfeelthattheyarehappiestwhentheyareworkinghard.例5:Also,theyoungarelesspatient.UsedtoTVshows,whereeverythingisquickandinteresting,theydonothavethepatiencetoreadanarticlewithoutpictures;toreadabookthatrequiresthinking;tolistentoateacherwhodoesn’tdofunnythingslikethepeopleonchildren'sprograms.(2)含有后置的介词短语/非谓语动词作定语的句子含有后置的介词短语作定语的句子和定语从句的翻译方法是一样的。在汉语中只要把介词短语所表达的意思放到所修饰的单词的前面就可以了。例1:Technologyisenablingmantoexploreevendeeperunderthesea.Itisobviousthatthetechnologytoharvesttheseacontinuestoimprove.Bytheyear2050,expertsbelievethattheproblemstoexplorethefood,mineralsandenergyresourcesoftheseawillhavebeenlargelysolved.【解析】此句中含有一个较长的不定式作了problems的后置定语,在汉语中我们要把不定式变成一个前置定语来修饰problems。所以此句可以译为:到2050年,专家相信开发海洋食品、矿产和能源的问题将会在很大程度上得到解决。例2:Manyayoungpersontellsmehewantstobeawriter.Ialwaysencouragesuchpeople,butIalso第3页explainthatthere’sabigdifferencebetween“beingawriter”andwriting.Inmostcasestheseindividualsaredreamingofwealthandfame,notthelonghoursaloneatatypewriter.“You’vegottowanttowrite,”Isaytothem,“notwanttobeawriter”.【解析】此句中含有一个有between引导的介词短语作后置定语,修饰difference,在汉语中我们要把这个介词短语变成一个前置定语来修饰difference。所以此句可以译为:我总是鼓励这些人,但是我也会向他们解释“当作家”和“写作”的不同。例3:Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofalargepopulationhavelongbeenasubjectofdiscussionamongeconomists(经济学家).【解析】此句中第一个of短语修饰前面的Theadvantagesanddisadvantages,第二个of短语修饰subject。在第二个of短语中含有另一个介