学位英语复习资料:语法--二

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1五、动词不定式【考试重点】1.动词不定式能作的各种成分2.不带to的不定式3.不定式的进行时、完成时和被动式一、动词不定式动词不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。它是一种非限定动词,不受主语的人称和数的限制。动词不定式具有动词的特征,它可以有自己的宾语,可以受副词的修饰,有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用,同时具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能。主动语态被动语态一般式TodoTobedone完成式TohavedoneTohavebeendone进行式Tobedoing/完成进行式Tohavebeendoing/二、动词不定式的用法1.动词不定式做主语1)不定式(短语)常用来作主语,但在很多情况下,代词it常被用来代替不定式放在句首作形式主语,而将不定式移到句子后部去,从而使句子不至于“头重脚轻”。【例句】Itisnoteasy_____theanswertothedifficultmathproblem.A.tofigureoutB.figuringoutC.figureoutD.beingfiguredoutIt作形式主语常用于下列句式中:(1)It+be+名词+todosthIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.(2)Ittakessb+sometime+todosthHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?Ittookmethreehourstofinishthework.(3)It+be+形容词+forsb+todosthItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninanhour.(4)It+be+形容词+ofsb+todosthItisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.(5)Itseems(appears)+形容词+todosthItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③It+be+形容词+forsb+todosth中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④It+be+形容词+ofsb+todosth中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。2.不定式作宾语:1)以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语:afford(付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt(试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),promise(答应),prove(证明),2refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)2)感官动词feel,find,think,believe,consider以及使役动词make等动词后如果不定式作宾语,补语是形容词或名词时,常用it作形式宾语,把不定式后移。【例1】Foralongtimeaftertheoperation,Lindafound_______difficulttofallasleep.A.thisB.oneC.thatD.it【例2】Hefound______everybodyknowwhathadhappened.A.itnecessarylettingB.itnecessarytoletC.necessarylettingD.necessarytolet3)有些不定式前可加how,who,what,when,which,where,whether等构成复合宾语。这种结构还可以作主语、主语补语、宾语补语、介词宾语或定语。【例句】Themotherdidn’tknow____toblameforthebrokenglassasithappenedwhileshewasout.A.whoB.whenC.howD.what4)有些动词可以跟there+tobe的结构。如:believe,expect,intend,mean,prefer,want,wish等等。【例句】Wedidn'texpect____somanypeoplethere.A.theretobeB.therebeingC.thereisD.therebeen5)下列动词后跟不定式作宾语补语(被动语态中作主语补语):advise,allow,permit,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,encourage,expect,forbid,force,hate,help,inform,intend,invite,order,persuade,remind,request,require,teach,tell,urge,want,warn,wish等。【例句】Motherwarned_____theelectriclamp.A.nottotouchB.himnottotouchC.himnottouchingD.himnottouch6)英语中的感官动词和使役动词用不定式做宾语补足语时不带to,但在被动形式时,不定式必须带to。这样的动词和词组有:feel,hear,notice,observe,see,find,watch,lookat,listento,have,let,make。get的用法和have/let/make的用法不同,后面使用不定式做宾语补足语时带to:getsomebodytodosomething。【例1】Theteacherhashisstudents__________acompositioneveryotherweek.A.towriteB.writtenC.writingD.write【例2】Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman__________anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A.installB.toinstallC.tobeinstalledD.installed3【例3】Becauseofmanymistakes,shewasmade__________theselettersagain.A.typeB.totypingC.typedD.totype3.动词不定式作定语1)常用作下列名词、代词的定语:ability,ambition,anything,attempt,capability,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,movement,need,nothing,opportunity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something,tendency,time,way,wish等。【例句】Ourfailure_____ourselvestomodernlifeoftencausesustroubleinourwork.A.toadoptB.toapplyC.toadaptD.toact2)不定式与它修饰的名词在逻辑上有时候是动宾关系,这些动词不定式可能是及物的(带宾语),也可能是不及物的。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式后要加介词。【例句】Couldyoufindsomeone________?A.formetoplaytenniswithB.formetoplaytennisC.playtenniswithD.playingtennis3)不定式作定语,用主动形式代替被动形式的两种情况:①不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系,且主句的主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。Hehasalotofworktodotoday.今天他有大量的活要干。②在“with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中,若宾语补足语是不定式(作定语),不定式所表示的动作将要发生,且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者,此时不定式须用主动式。【例句】Withalotofdifficultproblems___________,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled4.动词不定式作状语1)目的状语【例1】_____ateacher,onemustfirstbeapupil.A.BeingB.HavingbeenC.TobeD.Tohavebeen【例2】Weshoulddoasmuchaswecan_____ourcountrybetterandmorebeautiful.A.makeB.tomakeC.makesD.making用inorderto和soasto引出的不定式更能突出目的性;在否定形式或被动语态的不定式前更为常见。【例句】Heopenedthedoorandlethimselfinquietly_____nottowakethefamily.A.becauseB.soasC.sothatD.despite42)结果状语通常onlyto引出的是“意想不到的”或“不愉快的”结果。【例句】Wehurriedtothestation____findourselvesthreehoursearlierforthetrain.A.onlytoB.inordertoC.soastoD.suchasto3)原因状语①不定式作原因状语时,一般放在句尾。不定式常跟在一些形容词或过去分词后说明产生这种情绪的原因。这类形容词有:annoyed,anxious,ashamed,astonished,bored,clever,cruel,delighted,disappointed,eager,foolish,fortunate,glad,grieved,happy,interested,lucky,overjoyed,pained,puzzled,quick,relieved,right,rude,shocked,sorry,surprised,unwise,worried,wrong等。【例句】Shefelthappytoseehimagain.5.动词不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词或下列系动词后面作表语:seem,remain,prove等。【例1】Thepurposeofthearticleistotellthereadershowtokeepfit.【例2】Therumorproved(tobe)false.【例3】Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple.Butitremains_____whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen6.不带to的不定式1)作某些动词的宾语补语①在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感官意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice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