academicpaperGeneralIntroductiontoAcademicWriting毕

1GeneralIntroductiontoAcademicWritingI.typesofacademicpaper1.accordingtothepurposethepaperservesa.termpaperforauniversitycourseb.researchpapertobepublishedinajournalc.thesisordissertationforauniversitydegree2.accordingtothecontentofthepapera.ExperiencePapersb.MethodologyPapersc.OpinionPapersd.SystemsPaperse.TheoryPapersII.Featuresofacademicpapers1.ObjectiveItexpressestheauthor’sunderstandingofthetopicbasedonexperiments,facts,dataandanalysis2.FormalThewordsandstructureareratherformalandrigid.ThemostwidelyacceptedformatsaretheAPA-format（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation）andtheMLA-format（ModernLanguageAssociation）.III.Partsofapaper21.AresearchpaperisusuallymadeupofthefollowingpartsTitlepageAbstractOutline(orTableofContents.Optional.Usuallyplacedrightbeforeorrightaftertheabstract)Text(introduction,bodyandconclusion)Notes(optional.Sometimesfiguresandtablesarealsoallowed)Workscited(orBibliography)Appendix(optional.Placement:Afteralltheotherparts)Acknowledgements(optional.Sometimesitisplacedbeforetheabstractandsometimesattheendofapaper)2.Anempiricpaperfrequentlyfollowsthisstructure:TitleAbstractIntroductionMethodologyResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences3IV.stepsinpreparingaresearchpaper1.8steps/stages1)selecttopic2)exploredata3)gatherdata4)formulatethesis5)organizedataandideas6)writepaper7)reviewandrevise8)publish2.TenStepstoaGoodResearchPaperStep1.ChooseYourTopic.Whenchoosingatopic,chooseoneinwhichyouareinterested,andforwhichthereisenoughinformation.Ifyourtopicistoobroad,youwillhavedifficultycompletingyourpaper.TheEffectsofPollutionistoobroadbecausetherearesomanyeffectsofpollution.TheEffectsofPollutiononGeeseintheNortheastSectionofDuluth,Minnesotaistoonarrow.Youarenot4likelytofindmuchinformationthatisthisspecific.TheEffectsofPollutioninYosemiteNationalParkisjustaboutrightasatopic.Step2.LocateInformation.Useinformationfromavarietyofreferencesources.Thesesourcesincludeencyclopedias,almanacs,scholarlyjournals,books,magazines,andnewspapers.Findthesesourcesinprintform,onCD-ROMS,andontheInternet.Step3.PrepareBibliographyCards.Preparebibliographycardstodocumentthesourcesofinformationyouusewhenwritingyourpaper.Yourlibrarywillhavestylemanualstoillustratehowtopreparebibliographycardsforvarioussourcesofinformation.Step4.PrepareNoteCards.Usenotecardstorecordnotesfromeachsourceyouusewhenwritingyourpaper.Numberyournotecardstokeeptrackofthem.Step5.PrepareanOutline.Writeanoutlineforyourpaperbyorganizingyournotesfromthenotecardsintotopics,subtopics,details,andsubdetails.Useanorganizationsuchas:(topic)(subtopic)(detail)(subdetail)5Step6.WriteARoughDraft.Useyournotecardsandoutlinetowritearoughdraftofyourpaper.Asyouwriteyourdraft,usenumberedfootnotestocreditsourcesfromwhichyoutakequotationsormajorideas.Step7.ReviseYourRoughDraft.Makeanychangesneededtobesureyourideasareclearlyexpressedandyourwritinghasaccuratespellingandgrammar.Step8.PrepareYourBibliography.Attheendofyourpaper,providealistofallthesourcesyouusedtogatherinformationforthepaper.Yourbibliographycardswillprovidethisinformation.Listyoursourcesinalphabeticalorderbythefirstwordoneachofyourbibliographycards.Step9.PrepareaTitlePageandTableofContents.Thetitlepageisthefirstpageofthepaper.Itshouldincludethetitleofyourpaper,yourname,andthedateonwhichthepaperisdue.Thetableofcontentsisthesecondpage.Itshouldlistthemaintopics,importantsubtopics,andthepageonwhicheachisintroducedinyourpaper.Step10.FinalChecklist.Beforehandinginyourpaper,besureyoucananswerYestoeachofthefollowingquestions.DidIincludeatitlepage?DidIincludeatableofcontents?6DidInumberallpagescorrectly?DidIprovidefootnotesforquotationsandmajorsourcesofinformation?DidIincludeabibliography?DidIkeepasecondcopyformyfiles?