ThreeDraftsofthePaper

ThreeDraftsofthePaperThreedraftsconstitutetheminimumthatyouneedtowriteagoodpaper.Ifyoufollowedalloftheseinstructions,youshouldhaveapresentablepaper.（drafting,revising,editingandproofreading）Plantowritethreedraftsofyourpaper.Thefirstdraftisusedtogetyourideasdownonpaperincoherentparagraphs.Theseconddraftallowsyoutoputyourideasinalogicalorderthattakesthereaderfromyourquestiontoyourconclusion.Thethirddraftgivesyouachancetoeliminategrammarandspellingerrors,andtomakesurethatyourpaperisreadytohandin.FIRSTDRAFT:First,writeanoutlineconsistingofshortphrasesthatrepresenteachofthemajorideasthatyouusedtoconstructyouranswer.Then,writeatleastoneparagraphoneachiteminyouroutline.Don'tinterrupttheflowofyourideastolookupafact--ifyouneedtolookupafact,justputastarnexttotheplacethatneedscheckingandkeepgoing.Tipsforwritingthefirstdraft:1.Regardthenotesandinformationasyouhavegroupedthemforoutlining,toseewhatcomestoyourmindfirst.Ifyoufeelyoucanbeginwiththeintroduction,startfromthebeginning.Ifyouhavedifficultywritingtheintroductionfirstbutfeelinclinedtowritesomeotherpart,beginwiththatandreturntotheintroductionlater.2.makegooduseoftheideas,insightsandotherinformationyoufoundduringyourinitialresearch3.donotstoptopolishyoursentencesortofindtheperfectwordeverynowandthen.Benottooconcernedwithgrammar,spelling,punctuation,themainconcernistogetideasoutaccordingtothepalnandoutline.Focusontherationalityandlogicalsequenceofyourideasandotherimportantconcerns.4.refertoyouroutlineoftenasyoudraft.Donotlosetrackordirection.Onlyifitisnecessarycanyouchangeyouroutline.5.leaveenoughmarginsorspaceforlaterideasandrevision.Writingstyleofgraduationpaper:1.usually,writeinthethirdperson2.writestraightforwardly3.alwaysrefertoindividualsbytheirfullnameorbysurnamealone4.writeasspecificallyaspossible5.changeoreliminatewordingthatshowsbiastowardsaperson’ssex,age,race,politicalattitude,religiousbeliefs,etc.6.trytousedirectquotationsverysparinglyinyourthesis7.refertoacompositiontextbookorhandbookforparticularsaboutwritingstyleandconventionlanguagefocus:tensechoice:past;presentperfect;presentmajorelementsforunityandcoherence1.unity2.coherencea.transitionalwordsandphrasesb.pronounsc.repetitiond.consistentpointofviewe.integrationofinformationSECONDDRAFT:Putasideyourfirstdraftforatleastonedaysothatyoucanrereaditwithafreshmind.Readthewholethingthroughcompletelybeforeyoustarttorewriteit.Afteryouhavefinishedreadingtheentirepaper,askthefollowingquesitons:Doesthepaperstillseemaslogicaltoyoutodayasitdidonthedaythatyouwroteit?Ifnot,thendoesyourpapersimplyneedtransitionsentencestoconnectyourparagraphstogether,ordoyouneedtorearrangeyourparagraphsintoaneworder?Isthereanything--aconcept,aplacenameoranidea--mentionedinanyofyourparagraphsthatwillbeunfamiliartothereader?Ifso,thencanyouexplainitclearlybyaddingadescriptivephraseorsentence,ordoyouneedtoaddanadditionalparagraphtoexplainitfully?Haveyouansweredthequestioncompletely?Imaginethatthiswassomeoneelse'spaperandyourassignmentwastodisprovetheargument.Haveyouomittedanythingthatisneededtomakethelogicofyourargumentclear?Afteryouhavedoneallofthat,thisisagoodtimetoletsomeoneelsereadyourpaper.Apairoffresheyeswillfindmistakesthatyoucannotfind,andsomeonewhoisnotfamiliarwiththetopiccantellyouwhetheryourorganizationmakessense.THIRDDRAFT:Nowisthetimetorereadyourpaperforspellingandgrammaticalerrors.First,runaspell-checkeronyourpapertogetalloftheeasyerrors.Thengothroughitlinebylineandlookforthefollowingthings:1.Makesurethateverysentencehasasubjectandaverb,andthatallofyourverbsareinthecorrecttense--usuallysimplepasttense,sinceyouarewritingaboutthingsthattookplaceinthepast.Getridofallverbcontractions.2.Lookateveryindefinitepronoun--he,they,itandsoon--andmakesurethatitiscleartothereadertowhomorwhateachpronounrefers.3.Lookateveryforeignwordandpropernametomakesureitisspelledcorrectly.Useadictionarytobecertain.4.Lookforwordsliketheirandthere,itsandit'sandwhereandwerethatcanfoolyourspell-checker.Makesurethatyouhaveusedthemcorrectly.5.Makesurethatnowordsaremissingfromyoursentences,andthattherearenoextrawordsareleftoverfromanearlierdraft(likethethirdareinthissentence).6.Makesurethateveryabbreviationisalsospelledoutthefirsttimethatitappearsinyourpaper.TextualdevelopmentI.twotypesofresearchpaper:theoretical/experimental1.Thetypicalfeaturesofpapersoftheoreticalnatureareembodiedinmanyaspects,i.e.,description,logicaldevelopment,andreasoning(persuasion).1).Twobasicapproachestodescription:Objectivedescription/subjectivedescription2).Generalrequirementsforresearchdescriptiona.presentingapictureoftheobjectb.illustratingtheobjectinartificiallanguagec.makingnecessarycomparisond.sizingtheobjectspeciallye.locatingtheobjectcorrectlyf.generalizing/systemizingtheobservationcarefully2).Logicaldevelopmenta.developingbychronologicalsequenceb.developingbyinvestigationproceduresc.developingtheresearch“fromabstracttoconcrete”d.developingtheresearch“fromconcretetoabstract”e.developingbyusingotherlogicalsequencing3).Reasoning(persuasion)Inmakingananalysis,thedevicesofcitation