搜索
1IntroductiontothecourseI.researchpaper1.researchonepurposeofthecourseTypesofresearch•Fieldresearch:thebasicmeansofgatheringinformationinfields.Fieldresearchcanbecarriedinthreeways:observing;interviewing;usingquestionaire.•Libraryresearch:involvingsourcesormaterialslocating,takingnotes,sortingandsiftingmaterials.•Internetresearch:searchingforsourcesfrominternet.•Experimentalresearch:obtainingdatafrompurposefullycontrolledconditions.Basicresearchvs.appliedresearchBasicresearch:theory-oriented,noimmediatepracticaluseAppliedresearch:practice-oriented,obviousimmediatepracticaluseQualitativevs.quantitativeresearch2.paperAbriefaboutRP:sofaraswehaveknownthedefinitionandcharacteristicsofRP,youmayhaveformedawrongorbiasedideainyourmind,thatRPmustbeflat,rigid,dryanddull.However,RPdon’thavetobeso;RPfactuallycanbewitty,intellectuallyinvigorating,andfuntoread.Itisuptowhatyouchoosetoresearchandhowyouwriteit.2RPismorelikelytobeexplanatoryandanalytic,however,descriptiveandnarrativetechniquescanalsobeeffectivelyemployedinyour“academic/research”papers.Twotypesofresearchpaper:Therearetwomajorcategoriesofacademicresearch:argumentativeandanalytical.Whilebothrequireextensiveresearchtosupportathesisorclaim,thegoalsofeachtypeofpaperdiffergreatly.⑴ArgumentativeResearchThegoalofanargumentativeresearchpaperistopersuade,usingsecondaryinformationtosupportthewriter'sstanceonatopic.Therefore,thewritermustclearlydecideandcommunicatetheirstanceonthechosentopicintheformofathesisstatement.Thethesisofanargumentativeresearchpapertypicallystemsfromacontroversialissue---onethatcanbedebatedandcontainspotentialrefutationthatthewriter'sresearchwillneedtoaddress.⑵AnalyticalResearchUnliketheargumentativepaper,whichforcesthewritertotakeadefinitivestanceonatopic,theanalyticalpaperposesaquestionbythewriterthatrequiresfurtherinvestigation.Thisquestionisreferredtoastheresearchquestionandisthedrivingforcebehindtheanalyticalpaper;itrequiresthatthewritertakenostanceandremainobjectivethroughouthisinvestigationofthetopic.3Thegoalistoofferacriticalinterpretationofprimaryandsecondarysourcesthroughoutthepaper---sourcesthatshould,ultimately,buttresshisparticularanalysisofthetopic.GeneralRequirementsofRPstructureThefollowinglistcoversthebasicpartsofanyresearchpaper:---atitlepage(titleofresearch,author'sname,date,school/university)---bodyofthepaper(contentcomprisedofprimary,secondary,andwriterinsights)---headingsandsubheadings---documentation(in-textcitations,footnotes,endnotes)----workscited(bibliographythatgivescredittotheprimaryandsecondaryinformationoranannotatedbibliography)----margins,spacing,andindentation---pagination(pageheader)---punctuationandtyping---visualsgeneralstructurefortheResearchPaperTitle/topic•Abstractandkeywords•Introduction•Mainbodycontainingseveralsections(thenumberofsectionsdependingonhowtheauthorplanshisorherpaperandhow4complecatedanddifficultthequestionstobetreated),incontent,itmainlyincludesmethods,resultsanddiscussion.•Conclusion•Referencessection•appendicescommonparticularpurposesRPwriting•Writingtosummarize:abriefrestatementofabookoralongoriginaltext’smainideas•Writingtosynthesize:combiningdifferentsourcesofmaterialsunderatopictoshowthetruthmorecompletely•Writingtoexplain:explainingconcepts,processes(howsth.istobedoneorhowatheoryisputintopractice),orgivingfactualordetailedinformation.•Writingtoargue:fororagainstapointofview.•Writingtopropose:proposesolutionstoproblems.•Writingtoanalyze:analyzecauses,benefitsanddefects,characters,andsoon.•Writingtoevaluate:giveconclusivecommentsonsth.•Writingtoverify:testsometheory,ormethods.TypesofwritingResearchpaperisusuallyaformal,substantialandwell-documented5paperthatexplores,discussesoranalyzessomefactualortheoreticalquestions.•Formal:itiswritteninstandardlanguageandinformalstyledevoidofcontractions,eclipses,slangwords,vulgarisms,etc.•Substantial:itdealswithacademicallyimportantandseriousissuesandisofsubstance,lengthanddepth.•Well-documented:itrigidlyfollowstherulesofcitationdocumentationwithallborrowedideasorfactsfullyacknowledgedinthenotesandbibliography.•Summarizingorsynthesizinginformationandideasgatheredfromresearch.•Explaining,comparingandcontrasting,evaluating,oranalyzingconcepts,events,andphenomenon.•Arguingfororagainstaposition.